Aedes vexans

Description

The adult female A. vexans is characterized by a bandless proboscis with white ventral scales, short, brown scales on the scutum, and B-shaped markings (when viewed from the side) on each abdominal tergite. Only females take blood meals, showing a preference for humans and cattle, while males feed exclusively on nectar, honeydew, and sap—sources that females also utilize, though infrequently. This species is commonly found in habitats such as grassy pools, partially shaded woodland pools, roadside ditches, and cultivated fields.

Lifecycle

After a blood meal, the female A. vexans deposits her eggs in areas prone to flooding, where they remain dormant until inundated, triggering hatching. In temperate regions, larvae are present from April to September, and adults are active from May to October.

Medical importance

A. vexans is a recognized vector for several pathogens:

• Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm), transmitted to canines.
• Tahyna virus, a Bunyaviridae virus affecting humans in Europe, causing fever that typically resolves within two days but may progress to encephalitis or meningitis in rare cases.
• Myxomatosis, a viral disease fatal to rabbits, though A. vexans’ role as a vector is less definitive and may be region-specific.
• West Nile virus, affects mainly birds, humans and horses; found in mosquitoes collected in the UK in 2023, published in May 2025.

In Europe, A. vexans is the predominant mosquito species, often accounting for over 80% of the mosquito population in certain areas, with abundance tied to floodwater availability. During summer, trap collections can yield up to 8,000 individuals per night. The species has demonstrated a higher transmission efficiency for Zika virus compared to A. aegypti, enhancing its potential as a vector in northern latitudes beyond the range of primary vectors A. aegypti and A. albopictus, due to its wide distribution, periodic high abundance, and aggressive human-biting behavior.

Additionally, A. vexans harbors insect-specific viruses, including Chaoyang virus and Aedes vexans Iflavirus, which do not affect humans or other vertebrates but are of interest in virological studies.

References

References

1. "Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830)".
2. (1955). "Mosquitos of North America (North of Mexico)". University of California Press.
3. Horsfall, W.R.. (1955). "Mosquitos: Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease". Ronald Press Co..
4. "Species Aedes vexans - Inland Floodwater Mosquito".
5. Horsfall, W.R.. (1955). "Mosquitos: Their Bionomics and Relation to Disease". Ronald Press Co..
6. (2011). "Mosquito vectors of dog heartworm in the United States". Veterinary Parasitology.
7. Hubálek, Z.. (2008). "Mosquito-borne viruses in Europe". Parasitology Research.
8. Kerr, P.J.. (2012). "Myxomatosis in Australia: A historical perspective". Journal of Wildlife Diseases.
9. (2025-05-21). "West Nile virus detected in UK mosquitoes for first time". BBC.
10. (2016-06-30). "Mosquito of the Month: Aedes vexans - the Inland Floodwater Mosquito". Vector Disease Control International.
11. (2017). "Potential of a Northern Population of ''Aedes vexans'' (Diptera: Culicidae) to Transmit Zika Virus". Journal of Medical Entomology.
12. (2013). "Isolation and genomic characterization of Chaoyang virus strain ROK144 from ''Aedes vexans nipponii'' from the Republic of Korea". Virology.
13. (2020). "Identification and RNAi Profile of a Novel Iflavirus Infecting Senegalese ''Aedes vexans arabiensis'' Mosquitoes". Viruses.