Adelaide-class frigate

Construction and acquisition

Following the cancellation of the Australian light destroyer project in 1973, the British Type 42 destroyer and the American were identified as alternatives. Despite this, the Australian government approved the purchase of two US-built Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships in 1974.

The risk of acquiring an unproven design was seen as acceptable because of the success of the United States Navy (USN)'s (of which the RAN operated three ships as the ), when compared to the equivalent British ships the RAN would have purchased. The order was expanded in April 1980 with the order of a fourth unit. These four ships were built by Todd Pacific Shipyards of Seattle, Washington, as part of the USN's shipbuilding program, and were assigned USN hull numbers during construction, which were replaced with RAN pennant numbers upon entering service. The first, HMAS Adelaide (USN hull number FFG-17, RAN pennant number FFG 01) was built to the Flight I design, while Canberra (FFG-18/FFG 02) and Sydney (FFG-35/FFG 03) were the first and last ships of the Flight II design, respectively. The final American-built ship was Darwin (FFG-44/FFG 04); constructed to the Flight III design. In 1980, two more ships (Melbourne and Newcastle) were ordered, but were built in Australia by AMECON of Williamstown, Victoria, and did not receive USN numbers.

Armament

From the withdrawal of the Perth-class destroyers in 2001 until the introduction of the in 2017, these ships were the RAN's primary air defence vessels, armed with a Mark 13 missile launcher for SM-2MR missiles. They also have significant anti-surface capability, being armed with a 76 mm Mk 75 gun and the Harpoon anti-ship missile (also fired by the Mark 13 launcher), and a pair of triple torpedo tubes for anti-submarine warfare (ASW). In addition, two S-70B Seahawk helicopters are carried.

From 2005 onwards, all RAN frigates deploying to the Persian Gulf are fitted with two M2HB .50-calibre machine guns in Mini Typhoon mounts, installed on the aft corners of the hangar roof. Two TopLite EO directors are used with the guns.

The Australian frigates were originally fitted with American Mark 46 ASW torpedoes, but by 2008, they had been replaced with the European MU90 Impact torpedo in three of the four frigates as part of the FFG Upgrade, with the conversion of Newcastle underway at that point.

Upgrades

There have been two major upgrades distinguishing the Adelaide class from the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates.

Lengthening

The first three ships were constructed to the Oliver Hazard Perry class' 'short' hull design (Flight I and II), with an identical length for both the main deck and the keel. Ships from FFG-36 onwards (including Darwin) were built with an increase in overall length—achieved by angling the transom (the section between the fantail and the keel) to increase the area of the flight deck and allow the operation of Seahawk helicopters. Adelaide, Canberra, and Sydney were later upgraded to match the slightly larger ships, and were fitted with the updated sonars and ESM systems of the Flight III design.

FFG Upgrade

In the mid-1990s, Paul Keating's Labor government decided to retain the Adelaide-class frigates instead of replacing them with the more expensive and more labour-intensive, but much more capable s, that the USN was selling off. Upgrades to the Oliver Hazard Perry class were problematic, due to "little reserved space for growth (39 tons in the original design), and the inflexible, proprietary electronics of the time", such that the "US Navy gave up on the idea of upgrades to face new communications realities and advanced missile threats". The USN had decommissioned 25 "FFG-7 Short" ships via "bargain basement sales to allies or outright retirement, after an average of only 18 years of service".

Keating's administration was succeeded by the Liberal government of John Howard, which commenced SEA 1390, also known as the FFG Upgrade Project. Originally costing A$1 billion, which eventually increased to A$1.46 billion, the project included improvements to the combat and fire control system, the sonar suite, and the air defence missiles. Canberra being decommissioned in 2005 and Adelaide in 2008. Modification of each ship took place at Garden Island Dockyard, with Australian Defence Industries (ADI, now Thales Australia) selected as project leader for the upgrade phase of the project.

By January 2008, the FFG Upgrade Project was running at least four years behind schedule. The frigates' anti-missile and anti-torpedo detection and defense systems could not be integrated as intended, leaving the ships vulnerable to attack. The first ship refitted, HMAS Sydney, was initially not accepted back into service by the RAN because of the problems, these issues also prevented any refitted ship from serving in a combat zone. Australian Defence Association executives and serving navy personnel have blamed both political parties for the problems: while the Howard Liberal government was responsible for the project, the preceding Labor government chose to maintain the frigates instead of replacing them with the Kidd-class destroyers in the early 1990s.

By November 2008, Darwins upgrade had been completed, while the problems experienced with Sydney had been rectified in both ships. It was planned to start deploying these warships to the Gulf in 2009. The RAN and Thales subsequently claimed that the two upgraded ships were the "most capable ships in the history of the RAN", and that once the other two Adelaides were upgraded, the navy would possess the "most lethal frigate fleet on earth". It was reported at the same time that other nations operating guided missile frigates, including the United States, Canada, Greece, and Turkey were considering similar upgrades.

After the four surviving Adelaide-class ships were refitted, they were capable of firing SM-2MR and RGM-84 Harpoon missiles from the Mark 13 launcher. The replacement of the SM-1MR with the SM-2MR doubled the engagement range for air targets. An 8-cell Mark 41 Vertical Launch System for Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile had also been installed forward of the Mark 13 launcher. The Phalanx CIWS was upgraded to Block 1B, and the torpedoes, missiles, and other ship-mounted weapons were upgraded to the latest versions.

Fates

Canberra and Adelaide were decommissioned to offset the cost of upgrading the remaining four ships, with Canberra on 12 November 2005 and Adelaide on 19 January 2008.

Canberra was subsequently sunk as a dive wreck on 4 October 2009, 2 nmi off Ocean Grove, Victoria, in 30 m of water. Adelaide was converted into a dive wreck, but plans to scuttle her off Avoca Beach, New South Wales in April 2010 were postponed following protests by resident action groups and a tribunal hearing. The tribunal ordered the removal of wiring and paint from sections of the frigate before she was sunk on 13 April 2011.

Sydney entered port for the final time in February 2015, but remained commissioned as an alongside training ship until 7 November. In May 2017, having not received any offers to convert the hull for use as a dive wreck, Sydney was sold for scrap.

Darwin arrived in Sydney for the last time on 1 November 2017, prior to her decommissioning ceremony on 9 December.

The upgraded Adelaide-class frigates were replaced by three new Hobart-class air warfare destroyers, equipped with the Aegis combat system, starting around 2016.

In April 2017, the Polish government officially expressed interest in purchasing two of the remaining three frigates when they are retired from service. Negotiations between the Australian and Polish Governments for the sale were unsuccessful. In January 2019 the Greek Government sent an expression of interest to the Department of Defence for Melbourne and Newcastle. In May 2019 it was reported that Chile had also shown interest in the two frigates. On 27 December 2019, it was announced that Melbourne and Newcastle had been sold to Chile. On 15 April 2020 the ships were handed over to the Chilean Navy and renamed Capitan Prat (FFG-11) (ex HMAS Newcastle) and Almirante Latorre (FFG-14) (ex HMAS Melbourne)

Ships

References

Citation

Books

Journal articles

News articles

Websites and other media

References

1. McLaughlin, Andrew. "Contract signed and work begins in Adelaide on first of navy's Hunter-class frigates".
2. "Adelaide Class Frigate Models".
3. Although the Type 42 met the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN)'s requirements as a replacement for the cancelled light destroyers and the {{sclass. Daring. destroyer. 1. 1949s, fitting the ship with the [[RIM-66 Standard
4. Jones, in Stevens, ''The Royal Australian Navy'', p. 220
5. Final government approval to order two ships was granted in 1976, with a third ship ordered in 1977.Frame, ''Pacific Partners'', p. 162
6. MacDougall, ''Australians at war'', p. 345
7. Hooton, ''Perking-up the Perry class''
8. Scott, ''Enhanced small-calibre systems offer shipborne stopping power''
9. Fish & Grevatt, ''Australia's HMAS Toowoomba test fires MU90 torpedo''
10. McPhedran, ''Frigates 'can't go to war' despite $1.4bn upgrade''
11. "Australias Hazard(ous) Frigate Upgrades: Done at Last".
12. Kirk & staff, ''Dud frigates an inherited nightmare''
13. McPhedran, ''Australia's naval frigates 'worth the wait{{'''
14. Australian Department of Defence, ''HMAS ''Adelaide'' Decommissions''
15. Draper, ''Old Warship sunk off Victoria's coast''
16. Harvey & West, ''Judge orders tough new rules for scuttling''
17. Fish, ''Australia's Adelaide ends 27 years of service''
18. Westbrook, ''Dolphins frolic, protesters sunk as frigate sent to the bottom''
19. (27 February 2015). "Final entry into Sydney for city's namesake warship". Department of Defence.
20. (7 November 2015). "HMAS Sydney decommissioned after 32 years of service". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
21. Minister for Defence Personnel. (18 May 2017). "Ex-HMAS Sydney retires to Western Australia".
22. . (1 November 2017). ["HMAS Darwin sails into port for the last time ahead of decommissioning"](https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/pm/hmas-darwin/9109586). *ABC*.
23. . (9 December 2017). ["Navy farewells HMAS ''Darwin'' after 33 years of service"](http://news.navy.gov.au/en/Dec2017/Fleet/4351/Navy-farewells-HMAS-Darwin-after-33-years-of-service.htm#.WjkY-tiyrmg). *Royal Australian Navy*.
24. Kerr, Julian. (30 March 2017). "Ex-RAN FFGs for Poland?".
25. Adamowski, Jaroslaw. (29 March 2017). "Poland eyes frigates from Australia, new submarines".
26. (24 January 2019). "Greece shows interest in buying RAN FFGs". Australian Defence Magazine.
27. (30 May 2019). "Australia preparing possible transfer of 2 Adelaide-class frigates to Chile". Asia Pacific Defense Journal.
28. (21 April 2020). "Ex-RAN Adelaide-Class Frigates Commissioned With The Chilean Navy". Naval News.
29. (18 May 2017). "Retired Australian frigate leaves Sydney for scrapping".
30. "Ex-HMAS Darwin to be scrapped at Henderson".