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Actinomycetota

Phylum of bacteria

Phylum of bacteria

  • Actinomycetes
  • "Aquicultoria"
  • Coriobacteriia
  • "Geothermincolia"
  • "Humimicrobiia"
  • Nitriliruptoria
  • Rubrobacteria
  • ?"Syntrophaliphaticia"
  • Thermoleophilia
  • "Actinobacteria" Goodfellow 2012
  • "Actinobacteria" Margulis 1974 ex Cavalier-Smith 2020
  • "Actinobacteria" Stackebrandt, Rainey & Ward-Rainey 1997
  • "Actinobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018
  • "Actinomycetes" Krasil'nikov 1949

The Actinomycetota (previously known as "Actinobacteria") are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine-cytosine content (GC content or G+C content). They can be terrestrial or aquatic. They are of great importance to land flora because of their contributions to soil systems. In soil, they help decompose organic matter of dead organisms so the molecules can be taken up anew by plants. While this role is also played by fungi, actinomycetota are much smaller and likely do not occupy the same ecological niche. In this role, the colonies often grow extensive mycelia, as fungi do, and the name of an important order of the phylum, Actinomycetales (the actinomycetes), reflects that they were long believed to be fungi. Some soil actinomycetota (such as Frankia) live symbiotically with the plants whose roots pervade the soil, fixing nitrogen for the plants in exchange for access to some of the plant's saccharides. Other species, such as many members of the genus Mycobacterium, are important pathogens.

Beyond the great interest in Actinomycetota for their soil role, much is yet to be learned about them. Although currently understood primarily as soil bacteria, they might be more abundant in fresh waters. Actinomycetota is one of the dominant bacterial phyla and contains one of the largest of bacterial genera: Streptomyces. Streptomyces and other actinomycetota are major contributors to biological buffering of soils. They are also the source of many antibiotics.

Bacteria of the Actinomycetota genus Bifidobacterium are the most common in the microbiome of human infants. Although adults have fewer bifidobacteria, intestinal bifidobacteria help maintain the mucosal barrier and reduce lipopolysaccharides in the intestine.

Although some of the largest and most complex bacterial cells belong to the Actinomycetota, the group of marine Actinomarinales has been described as possessing the smallest free-living prokaryotic cells.

Some Siberian or Antarctic actinomycetota are said to be the oldest living organisms on Earth, frozen in permafrost at around half a million years ago. The symptoms of life were detected by release from permafrost samples 640 kya or younger.

General

Most actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class Actinomycetia, and belong to the order Actinomycetales. While many of these cause disease in humans, Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics.

Of those actinomycetota not in the Actinomycetales, Gardnerella is one of the most researched. Classification of Gardnerella is controversial, and MeSH catalogues it as both a Gram-positive and Gram-negative organism.

Actinomycetota, especially Streptomyces spp., are recognized as the producers of many bioactive metabolites that are useful to humans in medicine, such as antibacterials, antifungals, antivirals, antithrombotics, immunomodifiers, antitumor drugs, and enzyme inhibitors; and in agriculture, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and growth-promoting substances for plants and animals. Actinomycetota-derived antibiotics that are important in medicine include aminoglycosides, anthracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides, tetracyclines, etc.

Actinomycetota have high guanine and cytosine content in their DNA. The GC content of actinomycetota can be as high as 70%, though some may have a low GC content.

Analysis of glutamine synthetase sequence has been suggested for phylogenetic analysis of the Actinomycetota.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).

Whole-genome based phylogeny16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220
label1=Actinomycetota1={{clade

References

References

  1. (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.
  2. (2012). "Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology". Springer.
  3. (March 2012). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the main clades of the phylum Actinobacteria". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.
  4. (January 2008). "Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria". Mol. Biol. Evol..
  5. (2011). "Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river". PLOS ONE.
  6. (2010). "Encyclopedia of Earth". National Council for Science and the Environment.
  7. (November 2009). "Antagonistic activities of local actinomycete isolates against rice fungal pathogens". African Journal of Microbiology Research.
  8. (2022). "Streptomyces: Still the Biggest Producer of New Natural Secondary Metabolites, a Current Perspective". Microbiology Research.
  9. (2012). "Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases.
  10. (2012-05-11). "Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota". PLOS ONE.
  11. (2012). "Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases". International Journal of Microbiology.
  12. (2013). "Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria". Scientific Reports.
  13. (2 May 2010). "The oldest living organisms: ancient survivors with a fragile future". [[The Guardian]].
  14. "The oldest living thing in the world".
  15. (September 2007). "Ancient bacteria show evidence of DNA repair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
  16. {{MeshName. Gardnerella
  17. (2012). "Antibacterial agents from actinomycetes - a review". Frontiers in Bioscience.
  18. (January 2002). "Antifungal antibiotics". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.
  19. (2003). "Biological control of maize seed pathogenic fungi by use of actinomycetes". Biocontrol.
  20. (September 2007). "Genomics of Actinobacteria: tracing the evolutionary history of an ancient phylum". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.
  21. (February 2012). "Breaking a paradigm: cosmopolitan and abundant freshwater actinobacteria are low GC". Environmental Microbiology Reports.
  22. (2009). "Glutamine synthetase sequence evolution in the mycobacteria and their use as molecular markers for Actinomycetota speciation". BMC Evol. Biol..
  23. A.C. Parte. "Actinomycetota". [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN).
  24. C.L. Schoch. "Actinomycetota". [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database.
  25. (2018). "Genome-Based Taxonomic Classification of the Phylum ''Actinobacteria''". Front. Microbiol..
  26. "The LTP".
  27. "LTP_all tree in newick format".
  28. "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes".
  29. "GTDB release 09-RS220".
  30. "bac120_r220.sp_labels".
  31. "Taxon History".
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actinomycetota gram-positive-bacteria bacteria-phyla bacterial-vaginosis
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