Accession of Georgia to the European Union

History

Main article: Georgia–European Union relations

The European Union and Georgia have maintained relations since 1992, following an agreement between the former European Community and the newly independent Georgia. In April 1996, Georgia, along with Armenia and Azerbaijan, signed a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with the European Union. On 12 January 2002, the European Parliament noted that Georgia may enter the EU in the future. In 2006, a five-year "Action Plan" of rapprochement was implemented in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In 2009, relations between the two were further upgraded under the auspices of Eastern Partnership.

In March 2013, the Parliament of Georgia passed a bipartisan resolution supporting the integration into the European Union and NATO. The resolution was drafted jointly by the two largest political parties, Georgian Dream and United National Movement, and was voted by 96 deputies. In 2016, a comprehensive Association Agreement between the EU and Georgia went into force, providing Georgia with visa-free travel to the EU, as well as access to some sectors of the European Single Market. Following Brexit, most of the existing EU-Georgia agreements applicable to the United Kingdom were renegotiated and agreed upon in 2019 bilaterally with the United Kingdom. In January 2021, Georgia was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024. However, on 3 March 2022, Georgia submitted its membership application ahead of schedule, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In June 2022, the European Commission established Georgia's eligibility to become a member of the EU, but deferred giving it official candidate status until after certain conditions were met. Later that month, the European Council expressed readiness to grant Georgia the status of a candidate after completing a set of reforms recommended by the commission. On 8 November 2023, the European Commission recommended giving candidate status to Georgia. On 14 December 2023, Georgia was given candidate status by the EU.

Following the Georgian government's approval of legislation which would require non-governmental organizations to register as foreign agents or "organizations carrying the interests of a foreign power" and disclose the sources of their income if the funds they receive from abroad amount to more than 20% of their total revenue, which led to widespread protests in the country, the European Council stated in June 2024 that this represented "backsliding on the steps set out in the Commission's recommendation for candidate status" and that the accession process would be de facto on hold until the government changes course. On 9 July 2024, the EU ambassador in Georgia announced that the European Union had suspended the country's accession process as a result of the legislation. The European Union threatened Georgia with sanctions and suspension of relations if the country becomes a "one-party state" without political opposition following parliamentary elections in October 2024.

The 2024 Georgian parliamentary election resulted in Georgian Dream (GD) retaining power, but was disputed by opposition parties which claimed that the vote was not free and fair and was subject to widespread voter fraud. The European Parliament adopted a non-binding resolution which rejected the validity of the results, and called for the vote to be repeated within a year. On 28 November 2024, Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Kobakhidze announced that Georgia's EU accession negotiations had been suspended until the end of 2028, though he added that his government would continue to implement the reforms required for accession and that it still planned for Georgia to join the EU by 2030. Kobakhidze's statement on suspending the EU accession negotiations triggered a new wave of protests, one of the biggest since Georgia's independence from the Soviet Union. The 2024 Georgian constitutional crisis continued, with Mikheil Kavelashvili being inaugurated by GD as president of Georgia, while Salome Zourabichvili continued to be seen by protestors (and herself) as retaining her legitimacy as president.

Treaties

Stabilisation and Association Agreement

Main article: Georgia–European Union Association Agreement

To enhance their relationship, the EU and Georgia began negotiating an Association Agreement (AA) and a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. In November 2012, European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Stefan Fule stated that the AA negotiations could be finalized by November 2013. In February 2013, Tamar Beruchachvili, the Deputy State Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Georgia, stated that Georgia had no plans to join the Eurasian Economic Union, which Fule has warned Ukraine would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU. A ceremony on the initialling of the AA by the Georgian Foreign Minister Maia Panjikidze and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Catherine Ashton was held at the Eastern Partnership summit on 29 November 2013. It was formally signed on 27 June 2014, and had to be ratified by the EU, Euratom, their member states and Georgia. A second agreement, governing the country's involvement in EU crisis management operations, was also signed.

The Association Agreement, much of which provisionally came into force in September, has been fully ratified by Georgia and all EU member states. The agreement entered into force on 1 July 2016.

Ratification

! |- style="background:lightgreen;" ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 22 June 2015 | German-speaking Community ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 24 June 2015 | French Community ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 20 November 2015 | Brussels Regional Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;"

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|- style="background:lightgreen;" | 24 June 2015 | COCOF Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 24 July 2014 | National Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 28 July 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 12 December 2014 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 December 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 7 May 2015 | House of Representatives ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 22 May 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 March 2015 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 29 April 2015 | Chamber of Deputies ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 19 May 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 December 2014 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 4 November 2014 | Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 13 November 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 December 2014 | European Parliament 23 May 2016 (EU) ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | | Council of the European Union ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 10 March 2015 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 24 April 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 29 October 2015 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 25 June 2015 | National Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 9 November 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 8 May 2015 | Bundesrat ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 26 March 2015 | Bundestag ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 27 May 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 July 2014 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 November 2015 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 24 November 2015 | Presidential Promulgation ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 25 November 2014 | National Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 5 December 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 27 January 2015 | Dáil Éireann ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 26 November 2015 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 29 July 2015 | Chamber of Deputies ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 7 December 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 14 July 2014 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 July 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 8 July 2014 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 11 July 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 18 March 2015 | Chamber of Deputies ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 12 April 2015 | Grand Ducal Promulgation ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 21 August 2014 | House of Representatives ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 7 July 2015 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 7 April 2015 | House of Representatives ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 28 July 2015 | Royal Promulgation ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 5 March 2015 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 6 February 2015 | Sejm ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 26 March 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 2 April 2015 | National Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 19 May 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 2 July 2014 | Chamber of Deputies ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 3 July 2014 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 9 July 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 23 September 2014 | National Council ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 16 October 2014 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 13 May 2015 | National Assembly ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 21 May 2015 | Presidential Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 27 May 2015 | Senate ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 30 April 2015 | Congress of Deputies ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | | Royal Assent ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 26 November 2014 | Parliament ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 23 February 2015 | House of Commons ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 9 March 2015 | House of Lords ! |- style="background:lightgreen;" | 19 March 2015 | Royal Assent ! |}

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The ratification was based on The European Union (Definition of Treaties) (Association Agreement) (Georgia) Order 2015, made in accordance with section 1(3) of the European Communities Act 1972, after having been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament.

The agreement applied to the United Kingdom as an EU-member state until Brexit on 31 January 2020. During the transition period that followed Brexit, until 31 December 2020, the agreement still applied to the UK.

Free trade area

The agreement established a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) between the EU and Georgia, including "the removal of import duties for most goods traded between the EU and Georgia" and "broad mutual access to trade in services for both partners".

Shifts in EU Accession efforts

Leading up to May 2025, although Georgia's constitution still mandated EU accession efforts, the Georgian Dream government led by Bidzina Ivanishvili increasingly distanced itself from Western alignment. A key development occurred in April 2024 when the country's State Security Service released an Annual Report accusing Western nations of attempting to destabilize the government through hybrid warfare, civil unrest, and ideological influence. The report, which echoed Russian narratives, claimed foreign powers were behind conspiracies to undermine Georgia's sovereignty, including allegations of U.S. and Ukrainian involvement in coup plots and assassination attempts against Georgian Dream leaders. This rhetoric marked a departure from Georgia's previous pro-Western stance, with the government framing domestic dissent and foreign influence as coordinated efforts against the nation's interests.

Public opinion

A March 2023 survey conducted by the International Republican Institute found that 85% of Georgians (70% 'fully', 15% 'somewhat') were in favour of EU membership, up from 75% before the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In April 2023, a nationwide poll by the International Republican Institute found that 89 percent of Georgians support joining the EU, the highest number recorded for years.

According to the 2025 annual survey of opinion in Georgia, almost three-quarters of Georgians (74%) would vote for EU membership and only five per cent against if a referendum were held, with 80% saying membership would bring more advantages than disadvantages to the country.

Negotiations

Georgia has not yet started the negotiation process.

Travel

Since 28 March 2017, Georgian citizens have been able to travel visa-free to the Schengen area. Starting in 2025, like all nationals from visa-exempt countries, Georgians will also need to comply with the EU's ETIAS system before entering any of the EU/Schengen member countries.

Impact of joining

Reactions

• Armenia Armenia: On 7 February 2024, prime minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan congratulated neighboring Georgia for obtaining EU candidate status. During an address to the National Assembly, Pashinyan stated, "Many significant realities have changed in our region, and one of those realities is the fact that Georgia has received the status of a candidate for EU membership, which has an objective impact on our region. It turns out that two of our neighboring countries have the status of a candidate for EU membership, and if before it was possible to say, where is the EU, where is our region, now the EU is actually our region, and we are aware of this fact."

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