Abba Eban

Early life, family and education

Eban was born in Cape Town, South Africa, on 2 February 1915 to Lithuanian Jewish parents. His father, Avram Solomon, died in London to which the family had come seeking treatment for his undiagnosed illness less than a week before Eban's first birthday. He recalled being sent to his grandfather's house as a child to study the Hebrew language, Talmud, and Biblical literature. He lived for a period of time in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

He attended St Olave's Grammar School, then in Southwark, and read Classics and Oriental languages at Queens' College, Cambridge, where he achieved a very rare triple first, studying Hebrew, Arabic, and Persian; these were three of the ten languages he would reportedly master (he enjoyed translating newspaper articles into Ancient Greek). At the age of 23, he became a Fellow of Pembroke College, a role he held from 1938 to 1939, and was marked for a distinguished academic career.

During his time at university and afterwards, Eban was highly involved in the Federation of Zionist Youth and was editor of its journal, The Young Zionist. At the outbreak of World War II, he worked for Chaim Weizmann at the Zionist Organization in London from December 1939.

Career

Early career

Eban served in the British Army in Egypt and Mandate Palestine, becoming an intelligence officer in Jerusalem, where he coordinated and trained volunteers for resistance in the event of a German invasion, serving as a liaison officer for the Allies to the Jewish Yishuv.

After the war he continued in his post, helping to establish and run the British Foreign Office's Middle East Centre for Arab Studies which was originally based in Jerusalem before relocating to Shemlan near Beirut. He was at that time known as "Aubrey Evans".

In 1947, he translated from the original Arabic Maze of Justice: Diary of a Country Prosecutor, a 1937 novel by Tawfiq al-Hakim.

Diplomacy

Eban moved back to London briefly to work in the Jewish Agency's Information Department, from which he was posted to New York, where the United Nations General Assembly was considering the "Palestine Question". In 1947, he was appointed as a liaison officer to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine, where he was successful in attaining approval for the recommendation of partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab segments—Resolution 181. At this stage, he changed his name to the Hebrew word Abba, meaning "Father".

In July 1948, during the Arab-Israeli War, the Arab Higher Committee presented a formal complaint to the United Nations of the various war crimes committed by "Palestinian Jews", which included engaging in "bacteriological warfare". Eban vehemently denied the accusations that the Haganah had poisoned water wells, attempted to block further investigations and accused the Arab states of engaging in "antisemitic incitement". The accusations were proven true only in 2022, when Operation Cast Thy Bread was revealed.

Eban continued at the United Nations over the next decade. From 1950 to 1959 he also served as his country's ambassador to the United States.

He was renowned for his oratorical skills. As Henry Kissinger stated: His knowledge of history and fluency in ten languages enhanced his speech-making in the United Nations, even to skeptical or hostile audiences. In 1952, Eban was elected vice president of the UN General Assembly. A collection of Eban's speeches before the United Nations' Security Council and General Assembly as well as at universities and other venues between 1948 and 1968 was compiled in Voice of Israel. He was also known for his witty remarks. For example, when he was complimented on his perfect Oxford English, he corrected that actually attended Cambridge, "but in public life you must expect to be smeared!"

Politics

Eban left the United States in 1959 and returned to Israel, where he was elected to the Knesset (the Israeli parliament) as a member of Mapai. He served under David Ben-Gurion as Minister of Education and Culture from 1960 to 1963, then as deputy to Prime Minister Levi Eshkol until 1966. Through this period (1959–66), he also served as president of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot.

From 1966 to 1974, Eban served as Israel's foreign minister. He defended the country's reputation after the Six-Day War by asserting, in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, that Israel acted in response to an imminent threat: "So on the fateful morning of 5 June, when Egyptian forces moved by air and land against Israel's western coast and southern territory, our country's choice was plain." Nonetheless, he was a strong supporter of trading parts of the territories occupied in the war in exchange for peace. While serving as foreign minister, he remained in contact with Israel's Ambassador to the US Avraham Harman during the war. Five days after the USS Liberty incident took place, Harman cabled from Washington D.C. to Eban in Tel Aviv that one of their sources was reporting that the Americans had "clear proof that from a certain stage the pilot discovered the identity of the ship and continued the attack anyway." Three days later, Harman repeated the warning to Eban that the White House was "very angry" and "the reason for this is that the Americans probably have findings showing that our pilots indeed knew that the ship was American." Eban also played an important part in the shaping of UN Security Council Resolution 242 in 1967, as well as Resolution 338 in 1973. Among his other high level contacts, he was received by Pope Paul VI in 1969.

Eban was at times criticized for not voicing his opinions in Israel's internal debate. However, he was generally known to be on the "dovish" side of Israeli politics and was increasingly outspoken after leaving the cabinet. In 1977 and 1981, it was widely understood that Shimon Peres intended to name him Foreign Minister, had the Labor Party won those elections. Eban was offered the chance to serve as minister without portfolio in the 1984 national unity government, but instead he chose to serve as chair of the Knesset's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee from 1984 to 1988.

His comment that Arabs "never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity" (meaning, for peace), made after the Geneva peace talks in December 1973, is often quoted.

Later career

In 1988, after three decades in the Knesset, Eban lost his seat over internal splits in the Labour Party. He devoted the rest of his life to writing and teaching, including serving as a visiting academic at Princeton University, Columbia University and George Washington University. He also narrated television documentaries including Heritage: Civilization and the Jews (PBS, 1984), for which he was host, Israel, A Nation Is Born (1992), and On the Brink of Peace (PBS, 1997). In his book Diplomacy for the Next Century (p. 161) he said of Benjamin Netanyahu "Only Binyamin Netanyahu, the newly elected Israeli leader, failed to comprehend the centrality of the Palestine issue in the Middle East".

Awards

In 2001, Eban was awarded the Israel Prize for lifetime achievement and special contribution to society and the State.

Personal life and death

Eban was married to Shoshana "Suzy" (née Ambache) (sister of Aura Herzog), and they had two children. Eban died in 2002 and was buried in Kfar Shmaryahu, north of Tel Aviv. Suzy died in 2011.

Eban's son, Eli Eban, is a clarinetist who teaches at Indiana University. Eli has two children, Yael and Omri Eban.

Published works

• • Reissued as an eBook by Plunkett Lake Press. 2015.
• (Herbert Samuel lecture)
• • Reissued as an eBook by Plunkett Lake Press. 2015. .

Notes

Citations

References

1. "[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177524/Abba-Eban Abba Eban: Israeli statesman]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
2. Charney, Marc D.. (November 18, 2002). "Abba Eban, Eloquent Defender And Voice of Israel, Is Dead at 87". [[The New York Times]].
3. (18 November 2002). "Abba Eban". [[The Daily Telegraph.
4. (2002-11-18). "Obituary: Abba Eban".
5. Eban, Abba Solomon. (1977). "Abba Eban : an Autobiography". Random House.
6. Gaffe, Steven. (20 November 2002). "Belfast's legacy to the Israelis". [[Belfast Telegraph]].
7. Bronner, Ethan. (2015-12-31). "'Abba Eban: A Biography,' by Asaf Siniver". The New York Times.
8. Cowper-Coles, Sherard. ''Ever the Diplomat: Confessions of a Foreign Office Mandarin''. London: HarperPress, 2012. p. 19.
9. Johnson-Davies, Denys (2008). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=xVKxaEfmez8C&pg=PA3 Introduction]". In: Johnson-Davies (ed.). ''The Essential Tawfiq Al-Hakim: Plays, Fiction, Autobiography'' (pp. 1–4). Cairo; New York: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 4. This edited volume contains an excerpt from the novel, in Eban's translation, pp. 201–210.
10. The translation was published in 1947 by [[Harvill Secker. Harvill Press]], London; see: {{OCLC. 6191719. It was reissued in 1989 under the title ''Maze of Justice: Diary of a country prosecutor: an Egyptian novel'' (London: Saqi Books; Austin, Texas: [[University of Texas Press]]).
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14. Aderet, Ofer. (14 October 2022). "'Place the Material in the Wells': Docs Point to Israeli Army's 1948 Biological Warfare". Haaretz.
15. ((Samuel, 2nd Viscount Samuel)), Edwin. "Eban, Abba (Aubrey) Solomon".
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17. (2 May 2005). "Abba Eban". Department for Jewish Zionist Education, [[The Jewish Agency for Israel]].
18. "Abba Eban". Plunkett Lake Press.
19. Siniver, Asaf. (2015). "Abba Eban: A Biography". Overlook Press.
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21. Finkelstein, Norman G.. (2003). "Image and Reality of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict". Verso.
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23. (2008). "Israel-Vatican Diplomatic Relations". [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]].
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25. "אבא אבן". Ministry of Education.
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28. Abbey, Alan D.. (18 September 2011). "Suzy Eban, widow of Abba Eban, dies at 90". [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]].
29. Todd, Susan. (13 June 1990). "Festival Lets Soft-Spoken Clarinetists be Heard".