93rd Air Refueling Squadron

Mission

The squadron provides air refueling, as well as rapid and reliable passenger and cargo airlift and aeromedical evacuation. It supports U.S. and coalition conventional operations and United States Strategic Command strategic deterrence missions. It deploys expeditionary combat support forces to support worldwide contingency requirements.

History

World War II

The 7th Bombardment Group was deploying to the Philippines when the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor. With the air bases in the Philippines in Japanese hands, it engaged in combat in Australia and the Netherlands East Indies. By late spring 1942, it had moved to India. In India, it was assigned two medium bomber squadrons, the 11th and 22d Bombardment Squadrons, and two heavy bomber squadrons, the 9th and 436th Bombardment Squadrons. In September, the two medium squadrons were reassigned to form the cadre for the new 341st Bombardment Group,

The 493rd Bombardment Squadron was activated at Camp Malir near Karachi, India (now Pakistan). It initially was nominally manned, but after moving to Pandaveswar Airfield, India in January 1943, it drew its cadre from the 9th Bombardment Squadron and received substantial manning by the end of the month. The squadron flew its first combat mission on 26 January 1943 when it bombed docks, shipping, and warehouses at Rangoon, Burma.

The squadron engaged in strategic bombardment operations, primarily directed against Japanese forces in Burma. with attacks on airfields, fuel and supply dumps, docks, shipping and warehouses. In particular the Burmese rail system was a focus with attacks on railways, locomotive works, and bridges. The squadron also attacked oil refineries and railroads in Thailand and power production facilities in China. It conducted strikes on enemy shipping in the Andaman Sea.

As the 1944 monsoon began in June, the squadron moved to Tezgaon Airfield, India (now Bangla Desh). There, it ceased combat operations and began ferrying fuel over the Hump to Fourteenth Air Force in China. Supply operations continued until September, when it returned to Pandaveswar. On 27 December a detachment of the squadron moved to Luliang Airfield, China, where it resumed airlift operations, hauling gasoline to Suichwan Airfield, China until late January 1945.

The squadron began practice with VB-1 Azon ("Azimuth only") controllable bombs. B-24s using the Azon were specially equipped with electronics to control the bombs. Azon bombs were radio controlled and could be steered left or right, although their trajectory could not be changed to shorten or lengthen their flight to target. The VB-1 was particularly suited to long and narrow targets like bridges or railways where range errors would be irrelevant. For this reason, the squadron used them almost exclusively for attacks on bridges. 27 bridges in Burma were destroyed with the bomb, including the Bridge on the River Kwai. Perhaps the greatest success with the VB-1 was on 27 December 1944, when 9 of the bombs destroyed the rail bridge at Pyinmana, Burma, which had stood despite a rain of thousands of bombs in the two previous years. On 30 December 1944, the squadron launched four B-24s equipped with Azon bombs along with two regular Liberators. The primary target was the Nyaungchudauk bridge in Burma with its bypass bridge as the first alternate target and the Taungup bridge as second alternate. Direct hits demolished the primary and bypass bridge. The regular B-24s failed in their attempt to destroy the nearby Okshitpin bridge, but the Azon crews destroyed it in two passes. The Azon equipped planes then crossed the mountains to drop a span of the Taungup road bridge. In all, four major bridges were disabled with a few Azon bombs still remaining. The squadron made its first Azon attack on 27 December 1944.

On 19 March, the 493rd earned a Distinguished Unit Citation for attacks against rail lines and bridges in Thailand.

After V-J Day the 493rd Squadron staged through Dudhkundi Airfield, India, Kanchrapara Airfield, India, and Camp Angus (near Calcutta), India, departing Calcutta aboard the on 7 December 1945. The vessel reached the Port of Embarkation on 5 January 1946 and the squadron inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, the following day

Strategic Air Command

KB-29 operations

The second predecessor of the squadron was the 93rd Air Refueling Squadron, which activated at Castle Air Force Base, California on 1 March 1949 and was assigned to the 93rd Bombardment Group. In June 1952, the squadron was reassigned from the 93rd Bombardment Group, which had not been operational since February 1951, directly to the 93rd Bombardment Wing. The squadron supported Operation Fox Peter II, the movement of the 31st Fighter-Escort Wing from the United States to Japan, in July 1952 using KB-29Ps flying from Guam and Kwajalein to refuel 58 Republic F-84G Thunderjet fighters on their way to the Korean War.

KC-97 operations

The squadron began to convert from KB-29s to Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters in November 1953 and completed the conversion in December. The squadron frequently deployed its tankers, beginning with a deployment to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona from 1 April to 15 May 1954. It deployed twice to forward locations overseas, including to Ernest Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland, from 19 June to 14 August 1954 and to Thule Air Base, Greenland, from 19 January to March 1955. It also deployed twice to Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, from 2 November 1955 to 5 January 1956 and from 27 September to December 1956. The 93rd began training its aircrews to operate Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers in May 1957.

KC-135 operations

The squadron was the first Stratotanker squadron in the Air Force. Shortly after converting to the Stratotanker, it assumed KC-135 aircrew training as primary mission. On 1 July 1959, the 924th Air Refueling Squadron was activated at Castle, drawing its cadre from the 93rd and assuming the training mission. and the squadron began placing aircraft on alert. The SAC alert commitment increased to half the squadron's aircraft in 1962.

Soon after 1962 detection of Soviet missiles in Cuba, SAC brought all degraded and adjusted alert sorties were up to full capability. As SAC launched 1/8 of its Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses on airborne alert, additional KC-135 were placed on alert to replace KC-135s devoted to refueling the airborne B-52 bombers. On 24 October SAC went to DEFCON 2, placing all aircraft on alert. On 27 November SAC returned to normal alert posture.

On 21 August 1963, the 93rd ceased standing alert and on 26 August again began KC-135 aircrew training as its primary mission, it routinely supported Alaskan, European, and Pacific tanker task forces. It refueled wing B-52s to support their wartime taskings; and other US Air Force, Navy, and Marine aircraft for routine training, operations, exercises, and worldwide contingencies that required tanker support, but did not stand alert. The squadron also provided specialized training of shorter duration to senior officers (such as wing commanders). For a period the 93rd also sent instructor teams to locations where Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard units were converting to KC-135 tanker operations to help in-house training programs. On 1 September 1991, SAC reorganized its wings in the Objective Wing reorganization, and the squadron was reassigned to the 93rd Operations Group.

Air Mobility Command

In June 1992, the Air Force reorganized its major commands, inactivating SAC. The 93rd Wing and its support and heavy bomber units, was assigned to the new Air Combat Command, while its refueling units, including the 93rd, became part of Air Mobility Command (AMC), which activated the 398th Operations Group at Castle as the headquarters for refueling units there.

The 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) directed closure of Castle. In addition, BRAC directed AMC to move its tanker training to Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma, where its 97th Air Mobility Wing was already conducting airlift crew training. AMC activated the 55th Air Refueling Squadron at Tinker to conduct this training. On 31 Mar 1995, the 93rd was inactivated at Castle, but was activated the same day at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, where it assumed the mission, personnel and equipment of the 96th Air Refueling Squadron, which was inactivated. At Fairchild, the 93rd was assigned to the 92nd Operations Group.

Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the squadron deployed tankers and aircrew that refueled combat aircraft for Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom.

Lineage

; 493rd Bombardment Squadron

• Constituted as the 493rd Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 19 September 1942 : Activated on 25 October 1942 : Redesignated 493rd Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 6 March 1944 : Inactivated on 6 January 1946
• Consolidated with the 93rd Air Refueling Squadron as the 93rd Air Refueling Squadron on 19 September 1985

; 93rd Air Refueling Squadron : Constituted as the 93rd Air Refueling Squadron, Medium on 2 February 1949 : Activated on 1 March 1949 : Redesignated 93rd Air Refueling Squadron, Heavy on 1 February 1955

• Consolidated with the 493rd Bombardment Squadron on 19 September 1985 : Redesignated 93rd Air Refueling Squadron on 1 September 1991 : Inactivated on 31 March 1995
• Activated on 31 March 1995

Assignments

• 7th Bombardment Group, 25 October 1942 – 6 January 1946
• 93rd Bombardment Group, 1 March 1949 (attached to 93rd Bombardment Wing, 15 July 1950 – 30 January 1951 and after 10 February 1951)
• 93rd Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952
• 93rd Operations Group, 1 September 1991
• 398th Operations Group, 1 June 1992 – 31 March 1995
• 92nd Operations Group, 31 March 1995 – present

Stations

• Camp Malir, Karachi, India, 25 October 1942
• Pandaveswar Airfield, India, 7 January 1943
• Tezgaon Airfield, India, 17 June 1944
• Pandaveswar Airfield, India, 5 October 1944 (detachment at Luliang Airfield, China 17 December 1944 – 26 January 1945)
• Dudhkundi Airfield, India, 31 October 1945
• Kanchrapara Airfield, India, 19 November 1945
• Camp Angus, Calcutta, India, 25 November – 7 December 1945
• Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, 5–6 January 1946
• Castle Air Force Base, California, 1 March 1949 – 31 March 1995 (deployed to RAF Upper Heyford, England, 9 December 1951 – 6 March 1952; Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona 1 April – 15 May 1954; Ernest Harmon Air Force Base, Newfoundland, 19 June – 14 August 1954; Thule Air Base, Greenland, 19 January – c. 15 March 1955; Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 2 November 1955 – 5 January 1956, 27 September – c. 24 December 1956)
• Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, 31 March 1995 – present

Aircraft

• Consolidated B-24 Liberator (1943–1945)
• Boeing KB-29 Superfortress (1950–1953)
• Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighter (1953–1957)
• Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker (1957–1995, 1995–present)

Awards and campaigns

References

Notes

; Explanatory notes

; Citations

Bibliography

• {{cite report|author=BRAC Commissioners|date=July 1, 1995|title=The Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission|url= https://dcsg9.army.mil/brac/RefDocs/General/1995%20BRAC%20Commission%20Report%20to%20the%20President.pdf |location=Arlington, VA|publisher=The Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211011202224/https://dcsg9.army.mil/brac/RefDocs/General/1995%20BRAC%20Commission%20Report%20to%20the%20President.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2021|access-date=June 10, 2025}}

; Further reading

References

1. Hernandez, Michael P.. (25 September 2024). "Personnel of the 493rd Bombardment Squadron The Vanguards". dainthecbi.com.
2. (22 September 2022). "Factsheet 93 Air Refueling Squadron (AMC)". Air Force Historical Research Agency.
3. Endicott, pp. 687-688
4. Watkins, pp. 68-69
5. No byline. (May 2025). "Fairchild Air force Base: Team Fairchild". 92nd Air Refueling Wing Public Affairs.
6. Maurer, ''Combat Units'', pp. 43-45
7. Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 59-60, 115-116
8. Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 50-51, 538-40
9. while the [[492nd Attack Squadron. 492nd]] and '''493rd Bombardment Squadron'''s were organized to take their places and make the 7th Group an all heavy bomber unit.Maurer, ''Combat Squadrons'', pp. 592-93, 594
10. Frantiska, Joseph Jr.. (December 12, 2016). "The Azimuth "Smart" Bombs of World War II". Warfare History Network.
11. Winter, Martin. "493rd Bombardment Squadron". Geocities.com.
12. The squadron also dropped propaganda leaflets in Thailand from June through September 1945 for the [[Office of War Information]].Maurer ''Combat Squadrons'', p. 594
13. No byline. (7 February 2013). "Fairchild AFB: 93rd Air Refueling Squadron". 92nd Air Refueling Wing Public Affairs.
14. (31 August 2016). "Air Force celebrates 60 years of the KC-135". 92nd Air Refueling Wing Public Affairs.
15. SAC's commander, General [[Thomas S. Power]], had established an initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC's planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike,Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
16. (1 April 1975). "Abstract (Unclassified), History of the Strategic Bomber since 1945 (Top Secret, downgraded to Secret)". Air Force History Index.
17. Kipp, ''et al''., p. 30.
18. Kipp, ''et al''., p. 34
19. Kipp, ‘’et al’’., p. 35
20. Kipp ''et al''., p. 61
21. 1995 BRAC Report, p. 242
22. No byline. (March 7, 2008). "Factsheet 55 Air Refueling Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency.
23. 1995 BRAC Report, p. 243