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22 Kalliope

Main-belt asteroid

Field	Value
minorplanet	yes
background	#D6D6D6
name	22 Kalliope
image	22-Kalliope-Linus.jpg
caption	Kalliope and satellite Linus as seen by the W.M. Keck II telescope in 2010
discoverer	John Russell Hind
discovered	16 November 1852
mpc_name	(22) Kalliope
pronounced
adjective	Kalliopean
named_after	Καλλιόπη Kalliopē
mp_category	Main belt
orbit_ref	{{cite web
type	2010-06-02 last obs
title	JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 22 Kalliope
url	http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=22
access-date	2010-07-22}}
epoch	23 July 2010 (JD 2455400.5)
semimajor	435.09 million km (2.9112 AU)
perihelion	391.03 million km (2.6139 AU)
aphelion	479.98 million km (3.2085 AU)
eccentricity	0.10213
period	1814.3 d (4.97 yr)
inclination	13.703°
asc_node	66.17°
arg_peri	355.03°
mean_anomaly	282.54°
satellites	Linus
dimensions

mean_diameter	{{Ubl
{{val	150	5	u	km}}
{{Val	166.2	2.8	u	km}}
{{Val	167.536	3.053	u	km}}
{{val	181.0	4.6	u	km}} (IRAS)
flattening	0.41
mass

density	{{Ubl
{{val	4.36	0.50	u	g/cm3}}
{{Val	3.35	0.33	u	g/cm3}}
{{val	2.37	0.40	u	g/cm3}}
{{val	2.03	0.16	u	g/cm3}}
rotation	4.1483 h
spectral_type	{{Ubl
M <ref name	jpl/
X <ref name	jpl/
X <ref>{{cite web	title	EAR-A-5-DDR-TAXONOMY-V6.0	url=https://sbn.psi.edu/pds/asteroid/EAR_A_5_DDR_TAXONOMY_V6_0/data/taxonomy10.lbl	website=Planetary Data System	access-date=2018-04-16	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217090549/http://sbn.psi.edu/pds/asteroid/EAR_A_5_DDR_TAXONOMY_V6_0/data/taxonomy10.lbl	archive-date=2015-12-17	url-status=dead}}
abs_magnitude	6.81
albedo	0.198
0.17
0.166 ± 0.005

|access-date=2010-07-22}}

| | | | (IRAS)

22 Kalliope (; ) is a large M-type asteroid from the asteroid belt discovered by J. R. Hind on 16 November 1852. It is named after Calliope, the Greek Muse of epic poetry. It is orbited by a small moon named Linus.

Characteristics

Kalliope is somewhat elongated, approximately 166 km in diameter, and slightly asymmetric, as evidenced by resolved images taken with the VLT at the European Southern Observatory. This new diameter, which was measured by observing mutual eclipses of Kalliope and Linus, is 8% smaller than that calculated from IRAS observations.

The spectrum of Kalliope is an M-type, indicating that its surface may be partially composed of iron–nickel metal. The asteroid's density is about 3.4 g/cm3. and silicates, which indicate rather a stony surface composition. Kalliope also has a low radar albedo, which is inconsistent with a purely metallic surface.[[File:22 Kalliope Image.png|left|thumb|251x251px|An image of 22 Kalliope.]]

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Kalliope's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (−23°, 20°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives Kalliope an axial tilt of 103°. Kalliope's rotation is then slightly retrograde.

Between 2004 and 2021, 22 Kalliope has been observed to occult fifteen stars.

In 2022, it was discovered that 22 Kalliope is part of an asteroid family that formed about 900 million years ago. Its moon, Linus, may have been formed at the same time.

Satellite

Main article: Linus (moon)

Kalliope has one known natural satellite, designated (22) Kalliope I and named Linus. It is quite large about 28 km in diameter and would be a sizeable asteroid by itself. It orbits about 1100 km from the center of Kalliope, equivalent to about 13.2 Kalliope radii. Linus was discovered on 29 August 2001 by Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown, while another team led by William Merline also independently detected the moon 3 days later.

First stellar occultation

On 7 November 2006, the first stellar occultation by the satellite of an asteroid (Linus) was successfully observed by a group of Japanese observers according to a prediction that was made just one day before by Berthier et al. based on more than 5 years of regular observations of Kalliope binary system using adaptive optics systems on ground-based telescopes. The observed chords of Linus give a unique opportunity to estimate the size of the moonlet which was estimated to 20–28 km.

Notes

References

{{OED. calliope
(October 2021). "VLT/SPHERE imaging survey of the largest main-belt asteroids: Final results and synthesis". Astronomy & Astrophysics.
"EAR-A-5-DDR-TAXONOMY-V6.0".
A.S. Rivkin. (2000). "The nature of M-class asteroids from 3-micron observations". Icarus.
D.F. Lupishko. (1982). "UBV photometry of the M-type asteroids 16 Psyche and 22 Kalliope". Solar System Research.
M. Kaasalainen. (2002). "Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data". Icarus.
(2022). "Discovery of an asteroid family linked to (22) Kalliope and its moon Linus". Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Descamps, P.. (2008). "New determination of the size and bulk density of the binary asteroid 22 Kalliope from observations of mutual eclipses". Icarus.
J.L. Margot. (2003). "A Low-Density M-type Asteroid in the Main Belt". Science.
F. Marchis. (2003). "A three-dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope". Icarus.
M. Sôma. (2006). "'Occultation by Kalliope (22) and its satellite Linus". Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams.
J. Berthier. (2004). "'Prediction of stellar occultations by satellite of asteroids". AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #36.

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