2005 Armenian constitutional referendum

Background

As part of Armenia's commitment on joining the Council of Europe in 2001 changes to the 1995 constitution of Armenia were required. An earlier attempt at amending it were unsuccessful at a 2003 referendum. The early drafts of a new constitution were criticised by the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe but amendments were made in September 2005 to address their objections. The new constitution was passed by the National Assembly of Armenia unanimously after the opposition parties boycotted the vote.

The changes to the constitution would transfer some powers from the President to the National Assembly, the Prime Minister and other ministers. The independence of the judiciary was meant to be strengthened by removing the President from the Council of Judges, which appoints the judges in Armenia. The amended constitution was intended to introduce more respect for human rights and permit Armenians who live overseas to gain citizenship by allowing Armenians to be citizens of more than one nation.

Campaign

In order for the referendum to be successful a majority of those who voted had to support the changes and the supporters had to be at least a third of the 2.3 million registered voters of Armenia.

A coalition of 17 opposition parties came out against the changes in the constitution. The opposition called on voters to boycott the vote, to take part in civil disobedience and tried to use the Rose Revolution in Georgia as an example. However the opposition had little access to the media and their campaign saw widespread public apathy. An opposition rally in Yerevan on the weekend before the election saw only about 1,500 people take part, while another rally on the day before the election had a participation in the hundreds.

The government campaigned in favour of the constitution and attempted to get copies of the draft constitution to every family in Armenia in the weeks before the referendum. They confidently predicted success and President Kocharyan pledged to respect the results of the referendum.

The European Union, United States and Council of Europe all backed the proposed changes to the constitution. After the changes made to the proposed draft constitution in September 2005, the Venice Commission backed the changes, and the Council of Europe urged Armenians to vote in order to show their commitment to Europe. The United States said that the changes would strengthen the institutions in Armenia. As the election neared the British Council sponsored a "Rock the Referendum" concert to try to increase voter interest.

Few international Election monitors observed the referendum, with only 12 coming from the Council of Europe. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) did not send any observers as they said they had not received any invitation from the government of Armenia. A local group, Choice is Yours, did arrange for around 2,000 Armenians to monitor the referendum.

Conduct

On the day of the election President Kocharyan was among the people to vote and the opposition criticised him for publicly showing his 'yes' ballot paper, which they said violated the constitution.

The opposition said that there was massive ballot stuffing and that turnout in reality was only 16 to 21% of the electorate. However they did believe that the required 33% turnout level was probably met. Neither, however, supported the protests that the opposition were calling for.

President Kocharyan described the result as "a great victory in the strengthening of democracy and the making of civil society in Armenia." The head of the Central Electoral Commission certified the results but with the opposition members of the commission disagreeing.

Results

Aftermath

The opposition held a series of rallies in the two weeks following the referendum but did not attract a large number of people confirming the largely apathetic feelings of much of the population. The first rally on the 28 November attracted five to ten thousand people but over the next two weeks the rallies gradually fizzled out.

References

References

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14. (2005-11-29). "TURNOUT CONTROVERSY CLOUDS ARMENIAN CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM". Eurasianet.org.
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16. (2005-11-29). "Kocharian Thanks Armenians For ‘Great’ Referendum Win". www.armenialiberty.org.
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18. (2005-12-12). "WEST UNLIKELY TO SANCTION ARMENIA FOLLOWING ANOTHER TROUBLED VOTE". Eurasianet.org.
19. (2005-12-28). "Armenian Referendum Was Rigged, Says Government Official". www.armenialiberty.org.
20. "27 Նոյեմբեր 2005թ․ Հանրաքվե (ՀՀ Սահմանադրությունում փոփոխություններ կատարելու մասին)".