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1st Royal Bavarian Division

Field	Value
unit_name	1st Royal Bavarian Division
1st Bavarian Infantry Division
native_name	*1. Königlich Bayerische Division
1. Bayerische Infanterie-Division*
dates	1815–1919
country	Kingdom of Bavaria
German Empire
branch

type	Infantry (in peacetime included cavalry)
size	Division; Approximately 19,500 (on mobilisation in 1914)
command_structure	I Royal Bavarian Corps
(I. Kgl. Bayer. Armeekorps)
garrison	Munich
battles	Austro-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War
notable_commanders	Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria
Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen
Prince Leopold of Bavaria
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria
Otto Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein

1st Bavarian Infantry Division

Bayerische Infanterie-Division* German Empire

(I. Kgl. Bayer. Armeekorps) Franco-Prussian War

Battle of Wörth
Battle of Beaumont
Battle of Sedan
First Battle of Orléans
Second Battle of Orléans
Battle of Loigny-Poupry
Siege of Paris World War I
Battle of the Frontiers
Race to the Sea
Battle of Verdun
Battle of the Somme
German spring offensive Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen Prince Leopold of Bavaria Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Otto Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein

The 1st Royal Bavarian Division was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army that served alongside the Prussian Army as part of the Imperial German Army. The division was formed on November 27, 1815, as the Infantry Division of the Munich General Command (Infanterie-Division des Generalkommandos München.). It was called the 1st Army Division between 1822 and 1848, again between 1851 and 1859, and again from 1869 to 1872. It was called the 1st Infantry Division from 1848 to 1851 (as well as during wartime) and was named the Munich General Command from 1859 to 1869. From April 1, 1872, until mobilization for World War I, it was the 1st Division. Within Bavaria, it was not generally referred to as a "Royal Bavarian" division, but outside Bavaria, this designation was used for it, and other Bavarian units, to distinguish them from similarly numbered Prussian units. The division was headquartered in Munich from 1815 to 1919. The division was part of the 1st Royal Bavarian Army Corps.

The division fought against Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought alongside the Prussians. It saw action in battles of Wörth, Beaumont, and Sedan, the 1st and 2nd battles of Orleans, the battle of Loigny-Poupry, and the siege of Paris.

During World War I, the division served on the Western Front. It fought in the Battle of the Frontiers against French forces in the early stages, and then participated in the Race to the Sea. Thereafter, it remained on the northern part of the front facing the British Army through 1915 and early 1916. The Infantry Life Regiment was transferred from the division in 1915 to become part of a provisional German mountain division, the Alpenkorps, sent to the Italian Front. In 1916, the division went into the Battle of Verdun. After Verdun, it went to the Somme in that battle's later stages. 1917 was spent mainly occupying the trench lines. In 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive. The division was generally rated one of the better German divisions by Allied intelligence.

Pre-World War I peacetime organization

In 1914, the peacetime organization of the 1st Royal Bavarian Division was as follows:

1st Royal Bavarian Infantry Brigade (1. Königlich Bayerische Infanterie-Brigade)
- Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment (Kgl. Bayer. Infanterie-Leib-Regiment)
- Royal Bavarian 1st Infantry Regiment "King" (Kgl. Bayer. 1. Infanterie-Regiment König)
2nd Royal Bavarian Infantry Brigade (2. Kgl. Bayer. Infanterie-Brigade)
- Royal Bavarian 2nd Infantry Regiment "Crown Prince" (Kgl. Bayer. 2. Infanterie-Regiment Kronprinz)
- Royal Bavarian 16th Infantry Regiment "Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany" (Kgl. Bayer. 16. Infanterie-Regiment Großherzog Ferdinand von Toskana)
1st Royal Bavarian Cavalry Brigade (1. Kgl. Bayer. Kavallerie-Brigade)
- 1st Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry “Prince Charles of Bavaria” (Kgl. Bayer. 1. Schweres Reiter-Regiment Prinz Karl von Bayern)
- 2nd Royal Bavarian Heavy Cavalry "Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria" (Kgl. Bayer. 2. Schweres Reiter-Regiment Erzherzog Franz-Ferdinand von Österreich-Este)
1st Royal Bavarian Field Artillery Brigade (1. Kgl. Bayer. Feldartillerie-Brigade)
- Royal Bavarian 1st Field Artillery Regiment "Prince Regent Luitpold" (Kgl. Bayer. 1. Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold)
- Royal Bavarian 7th Field Artillery Regiment "Prince Regent Luitpold" (Kgl. Bayer. 7. Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold)

Order of battle on mobilization

On mobilization, in August 1914, at the beginning of World War I, most divisional cavalry, including brigade headquarters, was withdrawn to form cavalry divisions or split up among divisions as reconnaissance units. Divisions received engineer companies and other support units from their higher headquarters. The 1st Division was renamed the 1st Bavarian Infantry Division. Its initial wartime organization (major units) was as follows:

1. Kgl. Bayer. Infanterie-Brigade
- Kgl. Bayer. Infanterie-Leib-Regiment
- Kgl. Bayer. 1. Infanterie-Regiment König
2. Kgl. Bayer. Infanterie-Brigade
- Kgl. Bayer. 2. Infanterie-Regiment Kronprinz
- Kgl. Bayer. 16. Infanterie-Regiment Großherzog Ferdinand von Toskana
- Kgl. Bayer. 1. Jäger-Bataillon König
Kgl. Bayer. 8. Chevaulegers-Regiment
1. Kgl. Bayer. Feldartillerie-Brigade
- Kgl. Bayer. 1. Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold
- Kgl. Bayer. 7. Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold
- Kgl. Bayer. 10. Fußartillerie-Bataillon
1.Kompanie/Kgl. Bayer. 1. Pionier-Bataillon
3.Kompanie/Kgl. Bayer. 1. Pionier-Bataillon

Late World War I organization

Divisions underwent many changes during the war, with regiments moving from division to division, and some being destroyed and rebuilt. During the war, most divisions became triangular - one infantry brigade with three infantry regiments rather than two infantry brigades of two regiments (a "square division"). An artillery commander replaced the artillery brigade headquarters, the cavalry was further reduced, and the engineer contingent was increased. Divisional signals commanders were established to better control communications, a major problem in coordinating infantry and artillery operations during the war. The division's order of battle on March 21, 1918, was as follows:

1. Kgl. Bayer. Infanterie-Brigade
- Kgl. Bayer. 1. Infanterie-Regiment König
- Kgl. Bayer. 2. Infanterie-Regiment Kronprinz
- Kgl. Bayer. 24. Infanterie-Regiment
- Kgl. Bayer. 4. MG-Scharfschützen-Abteilung
2.Eskadron/Kgl. Bayer. 8. Chevaulegers-Regiment
Kgl. Bayer. Artillerie-Kommandeur 1
- Kgl. Bayer. 1. Feldartillerie-Regiment Prinz-Regent Luitpold
- Kgl. Bayer. 9. Fußartillerie-Bataillon
Stab Kgl. Bayer. 1. Pionier-Bataillon
- Kgl. Bayer. 1. Pionier-Kompanie
- Kgl. Bayer. 3. Pionier-Kompanie
- Kgl. Bayer. 3. Minenwerfer-Kompanie
Kgl. Bayer. 1. Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur

History

At the beginning of the First World War, the division was mobilized under the command of the 6th Army, on the Western Front.

8 to 19 August – Battle of the Frontiers in Lorraine
20 to 22 August – Battle in Lorraine
22 August to 14 September – Fighting near Nancy-Épinal
23 September to 6 October – Fighting on the Somme
7 to 10 October – Trench warfare west of St. Quentin
from 10 October – Trench warfare on the Somme

1915

bis 6. Oktober – Trench warfare on the Somme
1. Oktober – Battles of La Bassée and Arras
ab 14. Oktober – Trench warfare in Flanders and Artois

1916

bis 9. Mai – Trench warfare in Flanders and Artois
1. Mai bis 15. Juli – Battle of Verdun
1. Juli bis 9. Oktober – Fighting between the Meuse and the Moselle
1. bis 30. Oktober – Battle of the Somme
ab 5. November – Fighting in the woods of Apremont and Ailly

1917

bis 23. Februar – Fighting in the woods of Apremont and Ailly
1. Februar bis 5. Mai – Trench warfare on the Maashöhen near St. Mihiel and in the woods of Apremont and Ailly
1. bis 27. Mai – Fighting on the Aisne and in Champagne
1. Mai bis 8. Juli – Trench warfare at Chemin des Dames
1. Juli bis 31. Dezember – Trench warfare in Champagne

1918

1. bis 25. Januar – Trench warfare in Champagne
1. Januar bis 27. Februar – Trench warfare in the Argonnes
1. Februar bis 20. März – Rest in rear areas (original: Ruhezeit hinter der ...) with the 18th Army
1. März bis 6. April – German spring offensive
1. bis 20. April – Kämpfe an der Avre and near Montdidier-Noyon
1. April bis 14. Juli – Trench warfare in Champagne
1. bis 17. Juli – Offensive operations on the Marne and in Champagne
1. bis 25. Juli – Defensive battle between Soissons and Reims
1. Juli bis 3. August – Elastic/Mobile (Bewegliche) defensive battle between the Marne and Vesle
1. bis 16. August – Trench warfare between Oise and the Aisne
1. August bis 4. September – Defensive battle between Oise and the Aisne
- 1. August bis 3. September – Battle for the Nordkanal by Nesle and Noyon
1. bis 28. September – Fighting in front of the Hindenburg line
1. September bis 9. Oktober – Defensive battle in Champagne and on the Meuse
1. bis 17. Oktober – Fighting on the Aisne and the Aire
1. Oktober – Battle near Wassigny
1. bis 23. Oktober – Vouziers
1. bis 31. Oktober – Fighting on the Aisne and the Aire
1. bis 4. November – Fighting between the Aisne and the Mause
1. November – Battle of Guise
1. bis 11. November – Retreat (Rückzugskämpfe) from the Antwerp-Meuse positions
ab 12. November – Räumung des besetzten Gebietes und Marsch in die Heimat--

Notable commanders

Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria (1856–1861)
Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen (1861–1869) - A senior Bavarian field commander in the Franco-Prussian War
Prince Leopold of Bavaria (1881–1887) - Later a Generalfeldmarschall
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria (1904–1906) - Later a Generalfeldmarschall
Otto Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein (1906–1910) - Bavarian Minister of War, 1912–1916

References

1.Bayerische-Infanterie-Division at 1914-18.info
Hermann Cron et al., Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee (Berlin, 1935)
Hermann Cron, Geschichte des deutschen Heeres im Weltkriege 1914-1918 (Berlin, 1937)
Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919, (1920)

Notes

References

From the late 1800s, the Prussian Army was effectively the German Army, as during the period of German unification (1866-1871) the states of the [[German Empire]] entered into conventions with Prussia regarding their armies. Only the Bavarian Army remained fully autonomous, while the Saxon Army maintained a lesser degree of autonomy. The armies of the other German states were integrated into the Prussian Army with limited autonomy.
Günter Wegner, ''Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939.'' (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1, p. 660.
Wegner, p. 660.
Hermann Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee'' (Berlin, 1935)
''Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919,'' (1920)
''Militär-Handbuch des Königreich Bayerns'' (1914), pp. 20-21
Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle''

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