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1999 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu

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Field	Value
election_name	Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1999
country	India
type	parliamentary
ongoing	no
previous_election	Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1998
previous_year	1998
next_election	Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2004
next_year	2004
election_date	5 and 11 September 1999
seats_for_election	39 (of 543) seats in the Lok Sabha
registered	4,77,33,664
turnout	2,76,76,543 (57.98%) 0.03%
leader4		image4 = INC	party4 = Congress (I)	image2 =
image1
leader1	M. Karunanidhi
party1	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
alliance1	National Democratic Alliance (India)
seats1	26
seat_change1	10
popular_vote1	1,28,35,960
percentage1	47.13%
swing1	5.36%
leader2	J. Jayalalithaa
party2	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
alliance2	Congress Alliance +LF
seats2	13
seat_change2	6
popular_vote2	1,13,49,388
percentage2	41.69%
swing2	7.94%
map_image	1999 tamil nadu lok sabha election map.png
map_size	200px
map_caption	1999 Election map (by constituencies)
Saffron = NDA and Green = INC+
map3_image
title	Prime Minister
posttitle	Prime Minister after election
before_election	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
before_party	Bharatiya Janata Party
after_election	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
after_party	Bharatiya Janata Party
colour1

Saffron = NDA and Green = INC+

The 1999 Indian general election polls in Tamil Nadu were held for 39 seats in the state. The result was a victory for the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) which won 26 seats. After leaving the NDA, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, hoped to create some damage, but ended up losing 8 seats, compared to the 1998 Lok Sabha elections. This is also the first time that Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, allied with the Bharatiya Janata Party, helping them have power at the national level for the next 5 years with the NDA, before they joined the UPA. The NDA, ended up losing 3 seats, compared to the election the year before, due to AIADMK leaving the NDA, but the seats were made up, because DMK left the united front and joined the NDA.

Election schedule

The polling schedule for the 1999 General Elections was announced by the Chief Election Commissioner on 11 July 1999.

Poll event	Phase	Notification date	Last date for filing nomination	Scrutiny of nomination	Last Date for withdrawal of nomination	Date of poll	Date of counting of votes/Result	No. of constituencies
I	II
11 August 1999	17 August 1999
18 August 1999	24 August 1999
19 August 1999	25 August 1999
21 August 1999	27 August 1999
5 September 1999	11 September 1999
6 October 1999
19	20

Voting Phases	I	II

Seat allotments

National Democratic Alliance

No.
Party	Election Symbol	Leader	Seats
1.		[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg	50x50px]]	M. Karunanidhi	18
2.		[[File:Indian Election Symbol Mango SVG.svg	50x50px	Mango]]	Dr. Ramdoss	7
3.		[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg	50x50px]]	K. N. Lakshmanan	6
4.		[[File:Indian Election Symbol Top.png	50x50px]]	Vaiko	5
5.		[[File:No flag.svg	50x50px]]	Su. Thirunavukkarasar	1
6.		[[File:No flag.svg	50x50px]]	Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy	1
Unrecognized party, whose candidate ran under the DMK ticket
7.		MGR Kazhagam	[[File:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg	50x50px]]	R. M. Veerappan

AIADMK-Congress Alliance

Source: Indian Express

No.
Party	Election Symbol	Leader	Seats
1.		[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg	50x50px]]	J. Jayalalithaa	23
2.		[[File:Hand INC.svg	50x50px]]	Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy	11
3.	Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	[[File: Indian Election Symbol Hammer Sickle and Star.png	50x50px]]	N. Sankaraiah
4.		[[File:CPI symbol.svg	50x50px]]	R. Nallakannu	2
Unrecognized party, whose candidate ran under the AIADMK ticket
5.		[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg	50x50px]]	Abdul Lathief	1

Democratic People Progressive Alliance

No.
Party	Election Symbol	Leader	Seats
1.		[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png	50x50px]]	G. K. Moopanar	23
2.		[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cart.png	50px]]	K. Krishnasamy	10
3.		[[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg	50px]]	H. D. Deve Gowda	2
Unrecognized (or) Unregistered party, whose candidate ran under the TMC(M) ticket
4.		[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png	50x50px]]	Thol. Thirumavalavan	2
5.		[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png	50x50px]]	K. M. Kader Mohideen	1
6.		Kamaraj Aadhithanar Kazhagam	[[File:Indian Election Symbol Cycle.png	50x50px]]

List of Candidates

Constituency	National Democratic Alliance}}"	NDA	AIADMK+	TMC(M)+
Chennai North		C. Kuppusami	N. Soundararajan	J. M. Aaroon Rashid
Chennai Central		Murasoli Maran	M. Abdul Lathief	R. Janaki Ammal (Tmt)
Chennai South		T. R. Baalu	V. Dhandayuthapani	Muktha V. Srinivasan
Sriperumbudur		A. Krishnaswamy	K. Venugopal	J. Pushparaman
Chengalpattu		A. K. Moorthy	S. S. Thirunavukkarasu	C. Balaraman
Arakkonam		S. Jagatrakshakan	K. V. Thangabalu	A.M. Velu
Vellore		N. T. Shanmugam	Mohammad Asif	C.K. Thamizharasan
Tiruppattur		D. Venugopal	A. R. Rajendran	A. Jayamohan
Vandavasi		M. Durai	M. Krishnaswamy	K.A. Wahab
Tindivanam		N. Ramachandran Gingee	K. Ramamurthy	S.P. Subramanian
Cuddalore		Adhi Sankar	M. C. Dhamodaran	P.R.S. Venkatesan
Chidambaram		E. Ponnuswamy	T. Sumathi Udayakumar	R. Thirumavalavan
Dharmapuri		P. D. Elangovan	K. P. Munusamy	M.C. Rajendran
Krishnagiri		V. Vetriselvam	M. Thambidurai	G.A. Vadivelu
Rasipuram		S. Uthayarasu	V. Saroja	Dr. C. Natesan
Salem		K. Ramamurthy	T. M. Selvaganapathy	R. Devadass
Tiruchengode		M. Kannappan	Edappadi K. Palanisamy	T.M. Kanagasabapathi
Nilgiris		M. Master Mathan	R. Prabhu	C. Chinnaraj
Gobichettipalayam		K. G. S. Arjun	K. K. Kaliappan	C.K. Kuppuswamy
Coimbatore		C. P. Radhakrishnan	R. Nallakannu	S.R. Balasubramonian
Pollachi		C. Krishnan	M. Thiyagarajan	M. Jothiraj
	K.N. Rajan
Palani		A. Ganeshamurthi	Palaniyappa Gounder Kumarasamy	S.K. Kaarvendhan
Dindigul		S. Chandrasekar	Dindigul C. Sreenivasan	N.S.V. Chitthan
Madurai		Pon. Muthuramalingam	P. Mohan	A.G.S. Rambabu
Periyakulam		P. Selvendran	T. T. V. Dhinakaran	A. Manssoor Alikhan
Karur		K. C. Palanisamy	M. Chinnasamy	K. Natrayan
Tiruchirappalli		Rangarajan Kumaramangalam	L. Adaikalaraj	M. Rajasekaran
Perambalur		A. Raja	P. Rajarathinam	D. Periyasamy
Mayiladuturai		P. D. Arul Mozhi	Mani Shankar Aiyar	K. Krishnamoorthy
Nagapattinam		A. K. S. Vijayan	M. Selvarasu	T. Nadaiyazhagan
Thanjavur		S. S. Palanimanickam	K. Thangamuthu	Pl.A. Chidambaram
Pudukkottai		Su. Thirunavukkarasar	S. Singaravadivel	M. Palaniappan (Alias) Puratchikavidasan
Sivaganga		H. Raja	E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan	P. Chidambaram
Ramanathapuram		M. S. K. Bhavani Rajendran	K. Malaisamy	Dr. K. Nazeera Parvin
Sivakasi		Vaiko	V. Ramaswami	A. Gunasekaran
Tirunelveli		P. Geetha Jeevan	P. H. Pandian	P.V. Bakthavatchalam
Tenkasi		S. Arumugam	S. Murugesan	K. Krishnasamy
Tiruchendur		A. D. K. Jayaseelan	B. P. Rajan	R. Dhanuskodi Athithan
Nagercoil		Pon Radhakrishnan	N. Dennis	Dr. Kumaradas

Voting and results

Election map of results based on parties. Colours are based on the results table on the left

DMK-BJP alliance won all the seats in this district}}

]]

Alliance	Party	Popular Vote	Percentage	Swing	Seats won	Seat Change
National Democratic Alliance}}"		National Democratic Alliance	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	6,298,832	23.13%	3.05%
Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"		Pattali Makkal Katchi	2,236,821	8.21%	2.16%	5	1
Bharatiya Janata Party}}"		Bharatiya Janata Party	1,945,286	7.14%	0.28%	4	1
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	1,620,527	5.95%	0.31%	4	1
MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	396,216	1.46%	0.37%	1	1
Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress}}"		Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress	338,278	1.24%	0.19%	0	1
	Total	12,835,960	47.13%	5.36%	26	10
AIADMK-led Alliance}}"		AIADMK+	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam	6,992,003	25.68%	0.21%
Indian National Congress}}"		Indian National Congress	3,022,107	11.10%	6.32%	2	2
Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"		Communist Party of India (Marxist)	639,516	2.35%	1.72%	1	1
Communist Party of India}}"		Communist Party of India	695,762	2.56%	0.11%	0	1
	Total	11,349,388	41.69%	7.94%	13	6
Tamil Maanila Congress}}"		Tamil Maanila Congress	1,946,899	7.15%	13.04%	0	3
Independent politician}}"		Independents	339,948	1.25%	0.22%	0
	Other Parties (20 parties)	759,084	2.78%	0.48%	0
Total	27,231,279	100.00%		39
Valid Votes	27,231,279	98.39%
Invalid Votes	445,264	1.61%
Total Votes	27,676,543	100.00%
Registered Voters/Turnout	47,733,664	57.98%	0.03%

†: Seat change represents seats won in terms of the current alliances, which is considerably different from the last election. ‡: Vote % reflects the percentage of votes the party received compared to the entire electorate that voted in this election. Adjusted (Adj.) Vote %, reflects the % of votes the party received per constituency that they contested.

Sources: Election Commission of India

List of Elected MPs

Constituency	V	Winner	Margin	Candidate	Party	Votes	Party	Votes	Votes	1	2	3	4
Madras North	43.79	C. Kuppusami	DMK	471,101	53.57	N. Soundararajan	CPI(M)	311,312	35.40	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	159,789	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	18.17
Madras Central	48.46	Murasoli Maran	DMK	364,565	59.00	M. Abdul Lathief	ADMK	227,616	36.84	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	136,949	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	22.16
Madras South	45.15	T. R. Baalu	DMK	562,221	60.03	V. Dhandayuthapani	INC	322,037	34.39	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	240,184	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	25.64
Sriperumbudur (SC)	55.02	A. Krishnaswamy	DMK	385,558	52.88	K. Venugopal	ADMK	310,556	42.60	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	75,002	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	10.28
Chengalpattu	58.32	A. K. Moorthy	PMK	330,551	48.03	S. S. Thirunavukkarasu	ADMK	317,740	46.17	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	12,811	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	1.86
Arakkonam	66.32	S. Jagathrakshakan	DMK	346,520	47.72	K. V. Thangkabalu	INC	250,876	34.55	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	95,644	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	13.17
Vellore	60.97	N. T. Shanmugam	PMK	324,547	47.08	Mohamed Asif	ADMK	298,862	43.35	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	25,685	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	3.73
Tiruppattur	65.17	D. Venugopal	DMK	350,703	47.94	A. R. Rajendran	ADMK	327,090	44.71	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	23,613	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	3.23
Vandavasi	61.54	M. Durai	PMK	345,539	51.67	M. Krishnasamy	INC	286,342	42.82	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	59,197	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	8.85
Tindivanam	61.64	Gingee N. Ramachandran	MDMK	323,234	47.28	Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy	INC	313,884	45.92	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	9,350	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	1.36
Cuddalore	63.76	Adhi Sankar	DMK	358,367	50.49	M. C. Dhamotharan	ADMK	284,414	40.07	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	73,953	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	10.42
Chidambaram (SC)	66.02	E. Ponnuswamy	PMK	345,331	47.68	Thol. Thirumavalavan	TMC(M)	225,768	31.17	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	119,563	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	16.51
Dharmapuri	59.42	P. D. Elangovan	PMK	340,162	47.52	K. P. Munusamy	ADMK	314,622	43.96	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	25,540	Pattali Makkal Katchi}} ; color:black;"	3.56
Krishnagiri	59.97	V. Vetriselvan	DMK	347,737	51.05	M. Thambidurai	ADMK	315,913	46.38	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	31,824	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	4.67
Rasipuram (SC)	55.37	V. Saroja	ADMK	304,843	48.46	S. Uthayarasu	PMK	266,438	42.36	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	38,405	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	6.10
Salem	59.17	T. M. Selvaganapathy	ADMK	363,689	49.73	Vazhappady K. Ramamurthy	TRC	338,278	46.26	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	25,411	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	3.47
Tiruchengode	55.41	M. Kannappan	MDMK	409,293	49.08	Edappadi K. Palaniswami	ADMK	404,737	48.53	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	4,556	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	0.55
Nilgiris	55.08	Master Mathan	BJP	369,828	50.73	R. Prabhu	INC	345,869	47.44	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	23,959	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	3.29
Gobichettipalayam	60.28	K. K. Kaliappan	ADMK	299,184	47.78	K. G. S. Arjun	DMK	269,172	42.99	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	30,012	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	4.79
Coimbatore	55.63	C. P. Radhakrishnan	BJP	430,068	49.21	R. Nallakannu	CPI	375,991	43.02	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	54,077	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	6.19
Pollachi (SC)	57.09	C. Krishnan	MDMK	293,038	48.63	M. Thiyagarajan	ADMK	283,523	47.05	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	9,515	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	1.58
Palani	58.88	P. Kumarasamy	ADMK	297,850	44.78	A. Ganeshamurthi	MDMK	269,133	40.47	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	28,717	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	4.31
Dindigul	57.46	Dindigul C. Sreenivasan	ADMK	294,794	43.78	S. Chandrasekar	DMK	274,451	40.76	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	20,343	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	3.02
Madurai	52.41	P. Mohan	CPI(M)	328,204	43.85	Pon. Muthuramalingam	DMK	290,981	38.88	Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"	37,223	Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"	4.97
Periyakulam	59.36	T. T. V. Dhinakaran	ADMK	303,881	46.15	P. Selvendran	DMK	258,075	39.19	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	45,806	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	6.96
Karur	62.94	M. Chinnasamy	ADMK	334,407	46.46	K. C. Palanisamy	DMK	331,560	46.07	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	2,847	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	0.39
Tiruchirappalli	56.40	Rangarajan Kumaramangalam	BJP	377,450	54.61	L. Adaikalaraj	INC	288,253	41.71	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	89,197	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	12.90
Perambalur (SC)	65.40	A. Raja	DMK	330,675	48.58	P. Rajarethinam	ADMK	262,624	38.59	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	68,051	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	9.99
Mayiladuturai	63.61	Mani Shankar Aiyar	INC	324,384	50.23	P. D. Arul Mozhi	PMK	284,253	44.02	Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"	40,131	Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"	6.21
Nagapattinam (SC)	66.02	A. K. S. Vijayan	DMK	342,237	49.92	M. Selvarasu	CPI	319,771	46.65	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	22,466	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	3.27
Thanjavur	63.06	S. S. Palanimanickam	DMK	295,191	45.39	K. Thangamuthu	ADMK	262,177	40.31	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	33,014	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	5.08
Pudukkottai	64.10	Su. Thirunavukkarasar	MGR-ADMK	396,216	51.46	S. Singaravadivel	INC	331,914	43.11	MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	64,302	MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	8.35
Sivaganga	55.86	E. M. Sudarsana Natchiappan	INC	246,078	40.23	H. Raja	BJP	222,267	36.34	Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"	23,811	Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"	3.89
Ramanathapuram	57.49	K. Malaisamy	ADMK	265,253	42.15	M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran	DMK	258,607	41.09	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	6,646	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	1.06
Sivakasi	62.86	Vaiko	MDMK	325,829	41.80	V. Ramaswami	ADMK	251,048	32.21	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	74,781	Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	9.59
Tirunelveli	54.46	P. H. Pandian	ADMK	249,975	41.62	P. Geetha Jeevan	DMK	223,481	37.21	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	26,494	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	4.41
Tenkasi (SC)	64.87	S. Murugesan	ADMK	239,241	35.88	S. Arumugam	BJP	238,354	35.74	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	887	All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	0.14
Tiruchendur	52.35	A. D. K. Jayaseelan,	DMK	237,630	44.41	Dr. B. P. Rajan	ADMK	177,964	33.26	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	59,666	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} ; color:white;"	11.15
Nagercoil	58.79	Pon Radhakrishnan	BJP	307,319	50.21	N. Dennis	INC	161,676	26.41	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	145,643	Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"	23.80

Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Tamil Nadu

Source: The Tribune

Cabinet Ministers

Minister	Party	Lok Sabha Constituency/Rajya Sabha	Portfolios
Rangarajan Kumaramangalam	BJP	Tiruchirappalli	Minister of Power and Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
Murasoli Maran	DMK	Chennai Central	Minister of Commerce and Industry
T.R. Baalu	DMK	Chennai South	Minister of Environment and Forests

Ministers of State (Independent charge)

Minister	Party	Lok Sabha Constituency/Rajya Sabha	Portfolios
M. Kannappan	MDMK	Tiruchengode	Minister of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Non-Conventional Energy Sources
N. T. Shanmugam	PMK	Vellore	Minister of Health and Family Welfare

Ministers of State

Minister	Party	Lok Sabha Constituency/Rajya Sabha	Portfolios
A. Raja	DMK	Perambalur	Minister of Rural Development
N. Ramachandran Gingee	MDMK	Tindivanam	Minister of Finance
E. Ponnuswamy	PMK	Chidambaram	Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas

Assembly Segment wise lead

Party	Assembly segments	Position in Assembly (as of 2001 election)	Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		74	31
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		62	132
Pattali Makkal Katchi}}"		25	20
Bharatiya Janata Party}}"		25	4
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		18	0
Indian National Congress}}"		15	7
MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"		5	2
Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"		4	6
Communist Party of India}}"		3	5
Tamizhaga Rajiv Congress}}"		2	did not contest
Puthiya Tamilagam}}"		1	0
	0	27

References

(1999-07-31). "Jaya dumps unwanted seats on Cong".
(1999). "Statistical Report on General Elections, 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha - Vol. 1". Election Commission of India.
"News Headings".

Info: Wikipedia Source

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