From Surf Wiki (app.surf) — the open knowledge base

1985 in the sport of athletics

none

Field	Value
Title	1985 in athletics
Major world competitions	World Indoor Games
Previous	1984
Next	1986

|No. of world records =

This article contains an overview of the year 1985 in the sport of athletics.

International Events

African Championships
Asian Championships
Balkan Games
Bolivarian Games
Central American and Caribbean Championships
European Indoor Championships
South American Championships
Pan Arab Games
World Cross Country Championships
World Cup
World Indoor Games
World Student Games

World records

Men

EVENT	ATHLETE	MARK	DATE	VENUE
1,500 metres	Steve Cram	3:29.67	16 July	Nice, France
Said Aouita	3:29.46	23 August	Berlin, West Germany
Mile	Steve Cram	3:46.32	27 July	Oslo, Norway
2,000 metres	Steve Cram	4:51.39	4 August	Budapest, Hungary
5,000 metres	Said Aouita	13:00.40	27 July	Oslo, Norway
High Jump	Rudolf Povarnitsyn	2.40m	11 August	Donetsk, Soviet Union
Igor Paklin	2.41m	4 September	Kobe, Japan
Pole Vault	Sergey Bubka	6.00m	13 July	Paris, France
Triple Jump	Willie Banks	17.97m	16 June	Indianapolis, USA
Shot Put	Ulf Timmermann	22.62m	22 September	Berlin, Germany
Half Marathon	Steve Jones	1:01:14	11 August	Birmingham, UK
Mark Curp	1:00:55	15 September	Philadelphia, United States
Marathon	Carlos Lopes	2:07:12	20 April	Rotterdam, Netherlands

Women

EVENT	ATHLETE	MARK	DATE	VENUE
400 metres	Marita Koch	47.60	6 October	Canberra, Australia
Mile	Mary Slaney	4:16.71	21 August	Zürich, Switzerland
5,000 metres	Zola Budd	14:48.07	26 August	London, Great Britain
10,000 metres	Ingrid Kristiansen	30:59.42	27 July	Oslo, Norway
400m Hurdles	Sabine Busch	53.55	22 September	East Berlin, East Germany
4 × 100 m Relay	GDR
• Silke Möller
• Sabine Günther
• Ingrid Auerswald
• Marlies Göhr	41.37	6 October	Canberra, Australia
Long Jump	Heike Drechsler	7.44	22 September	East Berlin, East Germany
Javelin Throw	Petra Felke	75.26	4 June	Schwerin, East Germany
Petra Felke	75.40	4 June	Schwerin, East Germany

Men's Best Year Performers

[[100 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Carl Lewis	9.98
2.	Ben Johnson	10.00
3.	Harvey Glance	10.05
4.	Frank Emmelmann	10.06
5.	Terry Scott	10.08

[[200 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Lorenzo Daniel	20.07
2.	Kirk Baptiste	20.11
3.	Roy Martin	20.13
4.	Calvin Smith	20.14
5.	Mike Conley	20.21

[[400 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Michael Franks	44.47
2.	Thomas Schönlebe	44.62
3.	Innocent Egbunike	44.66
4.	Roddie Haley	44.67
5.	Darrell Robinson	44.71

[[800 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Joaquim Cruz	1:42.49
2.	Johnny Gray	1:42.60
3.	Steve Cram	1:42.88
4.	Sebastian Coe	1:43.07
5.	David Mack	1:43.35

[[1500 metres|1,500 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Saïd Aouita	3:29.46
2.	Steve Cram	3:29.67
3.	Sydney Maree	3:29.77
4.	José Luis González	3:30.92
5.	José Manuel Abascal	3:31.69

[[Mile run world record progression|Mile]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Steve Cram	3:46.32
2.	Saïd Aouita	3:46.92
3.	José Luis González	3:47.79
4.	Sebastian Coe	3:49.22
5.	Steve Scott	3:49.93

[[3000 metres|3,000 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Saïd Aouita	7:32.94
2.	Doug Padilla	7:38.25
3.	Steve Scott	7:38.53
4.	Thomas Wessinghage	7:42.61
5.	Johan Fourie	7:44.0

[[5000 metres|5,000 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Saïd Aouita	13:00.40
2.	Sydney Maree	13:01.15
3.	Alberto Cova	13:10.06
4.	Bruce Bickford	13:13.49
5.	Doug Padilla	13:15.44

[[10000 metres|10,000 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Bruce Bickford	27:37.17
2.	Mark Nenow	27:40.85
3.	Ed Eyestone	27:41.05
4.	Fernando Mamede	27:41.09
5.	Toshihiko Seko	27:42.17

[[Half Marathon]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Mark Curp	1:00:55

[[Hurdling|110m Hurdles]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Roger Kingdom	13.14
2.	Greg Foster	13.24
3.	Andre Phillips	13.25
4.	Mark McKoy	13.27
Tonie Campbell

[[Hurdling|400m Hurdles]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Danny Harris	47.63
2.	Andre Phillips	47.67
3.	Harald Schmid	47.85
4.	Aleksandr Vasilyev	47.92
5.	Amadou Dia Bâ	48.29

[[Steeplechase (athletics)|3,000m Steeplechase]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Henry Marsh	8:09.17
2.	Krzysztof Wesolowski	8:11.04
3.	Joseph Mahmoud	8:11.07
4.	Rainer Schwarz	8:11.93
5.	Graeme Fell	8:12.58

[[High Jump]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	HEIGHT
1.	Igor Paklin	2.41
2.	Rudolf Povarnitsyn	2.40
3.	Dietmar Mögenburg	2.39
4.	Patrik Sjöberg	2.38
5.	Eddy Annys	2.36

[[Long Jump]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Carl Lewis	8.62
2.	Larry Myricks	8.44
3.	Jason Grimes	8.43
Mike Conley
5.	Robert Emmiyan	8.30
László Szalma

[[Triple Jump]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Willie Banks	17.97
2.	Charles Simpkins	17.86
3.	Khristo Markov	17.77
4.	Mike Conley	17.71
5.	Oleg Protsenko	17.69

[[Discus throw|Discus]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Imrich Bugár	71.26
2.	Luis Delís	70.00
3.	Jürgen Schult	69.74
4.	Knut Hjeltnes	69.62
5.	Juan Martínez	69.32

[[Hammer throw|Hammer]]

Main article: 1985 Hammer Throw Year Ranking

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Jüri Tamm	84.08
2.	Yuriy Syedikh	82.70
3.	Günther Rodehau	82.64
4.	Christoph Sahner	81.56
5.	Matthias Moder	80.92

[[Shot Put]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Ulf Timmermann	22.62
2.	Sergey Smirnov	22.05
3.	Alessandro Andrei	21.95
4.	Remigius Machura	21.88
Udo Beyer

[[Javelin throw|Javelin (old design)]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Uwe Hohn	96.96
2.	Brian Crouser	95.10
3.	Duncan Atwood	94.06
4.	Viktor Yevsyukov	93.70
5.	Zdeněk Adamec	92.94

[[Pole Vault]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	HEIGHT
1.	Sergey Bubka	6.00
2.	Pierre Quinon	5.90
3.	Joe Dial	5.85
4.	Vasiliy Bubka	5.80
Mike Tully
Thierry Vigneron
Pavel Bogatyryov
Philippe Collet
Marian Kolasa

[[Decathlon]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	POINTS
1.	Torsten Voss	8559
2.	Uwe Freimuth	8504
3.	Siegfried Wentz	8440
4.	Aleksandr Nevskiy	8409
5.	John Sayre	8381

Women's Best Year Performers

[[100 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Marlies Göhr	10.86
2.	Merlene Ottey-Page	10.92
3.	Marita Koch	10.97
4.	Marina Zhirova	10.98
5.	Silke Gladisch	10.99

[[200 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Marita Koch	21.78
2.	Merlene Ottey-Page	21.93
3.	Valerie Brisco	21.98
4.	Silke Gladisch	22.12
5.	Pam Marshall	22.39

[[400 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Marita Koch	47.60
2.	Olga Vladykina	48.27
3.	Valerie Brisco	49.56
4.	Mariya Pinigina	49.61
5.	Jarmila Kratochvílová	49.89

[[800 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Ella Kovacs	1:55.68
2.	Jarmila Kratochvílová	1:55.91
3.	Ravilya Agletdinova	1:56.24
4.	Nadiya Olizarenko	1:56.25
5.	Yekaterina Podkopayeva	1:56.65

[[1500 metres|1,500 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Mary Slaney	3:57.24
2.	Maricica Puică	3:57.73
3.	Ravilya Agletdinova	3:58.40
4.	Natalya Artyomova	3:59.28
5.	Doina Melinte	3:59.88

[[Mile run world record progression|Mile]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Mary Slaney	4:16.71
2.	Maricica Puică	4:17.33
3.	Zola Budd	4:17.57
4.	Kirsty McDermott	4:19.41
5.	Ulrike Bruns	4:21.59

[[3000 metres|3,000 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Mary Slaney	8:25.83
2.	Maricica Puică	8:27.83
3.	Zola Budd	8:28.83
4.	Zamira Zaytseva	8:35.74
5.	Ulrike Bruns	8:36.51

[[5000 metres|5,000 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Zola Budd	14:48.07
2.	Natalya Artyomova	14:54.08
3.	Olga Bondarenko	14:55.76
4.	Ingrid Kristiansen	14:57.43
5.	Maricica Puică	15:06.04

[[10000 metres|10,000 metres]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Ingrid Kristiansen	30:59.42
2.	Olga Bondarenko	31:25.18
3.	Aurora Cunha	31:35.46
4.	Svetlana Guskova	31:57.80
5.	Lynn Jennings	32:03.37

[[Half Marathon]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Joan Benoit	1:09:44

[[Hurdling|100m Hurdles]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Ginka Zagorcheva	12.42
2.	Vera Akimova	12.59
3.	Svetlana Gusarova	12.61
4.	Nadezhda Korshunova	12.71
5.	Cornelia Oschkenat	12.72

[[Hurdling|400m Hurdles]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	TIME
1.	Sabine Busch	53.33
2.	Genowefa Błaszak	54.27
3.	Tatyana Pavlova	54.34
4.	Marina Stepanova	54.37
5.	Judi Brown-King	54.38

[[High Jump]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	HEIGHT
1.	Stefka Kostadinova	2.06
2.	Tamara Bykova	2.02
3.	Silvia Costa	2.01
4.	Charmaine Weavers	2.00
Louise Ritter

[[Long Jump]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Heike Drechsler	7.44
2.	Yelena Khlopotnova	7.31
3.	Galina Chistyakova	7.28
4.	Jackie Joyner	7.24
5.	Helga Radtke	7.19

[[Shot Put]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Natalya Lisovskaya	21.73
2.	Natalya Akhrymenko	21.08
3.	Helena Fibingerová	21.03
4.	Mihaela Loghin	20.97
5.	Helma Knorscheidt	20.79

[[Discus throw|Discus]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Galina Savinkova	72.96
2.	Zdeňka Šilhavá	70.70
3.	Maritza Marten	70.50
4.	Martina Hellmann	69.78
5.	Florenţa Crăciunescu	69.50

[[Javelin throw|Javelin (old design)]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	DISTANCE
1.	Petra Felke	75.40
2.	Fatima Whitbread	72.98
3.	Ivonne Leal	71.82
4.	Tessa Sanderson	71.18
5.	Tiina Lillak	70.62

[[Heptathlon]]

RANK	1985 WORLD BEST PERFORMERS	POINTS
1.	Jackie Joyner	6718
2.	Jane Frederick	6666
3.	Malgorzata Nowak	6616
4.	Sabine Paetz	6595
5.	Natalya Shubenkova	6510

Marathon

Year Rankings

Men

RANK	ATHLETE	TIME	DATE	EVENT
1.	POR Carlos Lopes (POR)	2:07.12 WR	April 20	Rotterdam, Netherlands
2.	WAL Steve Jones (WAL)	2:07.13	October 20	Chicago, United States
3.	DJI Djama Robleh (DJI)	2:08.08	October 20	Chicago, United States
4.	DJI Hussein Ahmed Salah (DJI)	2:08.09	April 14	Hiroshima, Japan
5.	JPN Takeyuki Nakayama (JPN)	2:08.15	April 14	Hiroshima, Japan
6.	WAL Steve Jones (WAL)	2:08.16	April 21	London, United Kingdom
7.	DJI Djama Robleh (DJI)	2:08.26	April 14	Hiroshima, Japan
8.	ENG Charlie Spedding (ENG)	2:08.33	April 21	London, United Kingdom
9.	AUS Robert de Castella (AUS)	2:08.48	October 20	Chicago, United States
10.	South Africa Mark Plaatjes (RSA)	2:08.58	May 4	Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Women

RANK	ATHLETE	TIME	DATE	EVENT
1.	NOR Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)	2:21:06 WR	April 21	London, United Kingdom
2.	USA Joan Samuelson (USA)	2:21:21	October 20	Chicago, United States
3.	NOR Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)	2:23:05	October 20	Chicago, United States
4.	POR Rosa Mota (POR)	2:23:29	October 20	Chicago, United States
5.	NED Carla Beurskens (NED)	2:27:50	October 20	Chicago, United States
6.	ENG Veronique Marot (ENG)	2:28:04	October 20	Chicago, United States
7.	ENG Sarah Rowell (ENG)	2:28:06	April 21	London, United Kingdom
8.	IRL Carey May (IRL)	2:28:07	January 27	Osaka, Japan
9.	NOR Grete Waitz (NOR)	2:28:34	April 21	New York, United States
10.	CAN Silvia Ruegger (CAN)	2:28:36	January 6	Houston, United States

National Champions

NATION	MEN'S WINNER	TIME	WOMEN'S WINNER	TIME	PLACE	DATE
AUS Australia	Grenville Wood	2:13:37	Elizabeth Patmore	2:46:00	Sydney	June 9
BEL Belgium	Frederik Vandervennet	2:15:49	Agnes Pardaens	2:42:25	Leuven	June 9
CAN Canada	Roger Schwegel	2:22:32	Bernadette Duffy	2:48:09	Winnipeg	June 16
JPN Japan	Hisatoshi Shintaku	2:09:51	—	—	Fukuoka	December 1
NED Netherlands	Cor Vriend	2:15:51	Eefje van Wissen	2:39:32	Enschede	June 22
FRG West Germany	Herbert Steffny	2:12:12	Charlotte Teske	2:32:38	Frankfurt	May 19
USA United States	Ken Martin	2:12:57	Nancy Ditz	2:31:36	Pittsburgh (men) / California (women)	May 5 (men) / December 8 (women)

Road races

Date	Race	Location	Men's winner	Time	Women's winner	Time
January 27	Osaka International Ladies Marathon	JPN Japan	—	—	IRE Carey May	2:28:07
February 2	Auckland Marathon	NZL New Zealand	USA Jeff Wells	2:16:43	DEN Kiersti Jakobsen	2:37:12
February 10	Tokyo Marathon	JPN Japan	JPN Shigeru So	2:10:32	—	—
March 17	Barcelona Marathon	ESP Spain	ESP Rafael Garcia	2:18:16	ESP Joaquina Casas	2:48:01
March 31	Vienna Marathon	AUT Austria	AUT Gerhard Hartmann	2:14:59	URS Elena Tsukhlo	2:39:01
April 15	Boston Marathon	USA United States	ENG Geoff Smith	2:14:05	USA Lisa Rainsberger	2:34:06
April 20	Rotterdam Marathon	NED Netherlands	POR Carlos Lopes	2:07:12 WR	NED Wilma Rusman	2:35:32
April 21	London Marathon	UK United Kingdom	WAL Steve Jones	2:08:16	NOR Ingrid Kristiansen	2:21:06 WR
May 5	Pittsburgh Marathon	USA United States	USA Ken Martin	2:12:57	AUS Lisa Ondieki	2:31:54
May 5	Vancouver Marathon	CAN Canada	AUS Adrian Wellington	2:24:24	JPN Kikue Teshima	2:55:34
May 6	Belfast Marathon	NIR Belfast	NIR Martin Deane	2:15:52	NIR Moira O'Neill	2:45:40
May 12	Amsterdam Marathon	NED Netherlands	BEL Jose Reveyn	2:19:25	NED Carolien Lucas	2:47:15
May 12	Paris Marathon	FRA France	FRA Jacky Boxberger	2:10:49	GBR Maureen Hurst	2:43:31
May 19	Geneva Marathon	SUI Switzerland	URS Nikolay Shamyeyev	2:19:17	URS Nadezhda Gumerova	2:36:04
June 1	Stockholm Marathon	SWE Sweden	SWE Tommy Persson	2:17:18	SWE Jeanette Nordgren	2:36:43
July 21	San Francisco Marathon	USA United States	USA Ric Sayre	2:15:08	DEN Kersti Jakosen	2:38:03
August 25	Reykjavik Marathon	ISL Iceland	FRG Josef Hermann	2:30:04	GBR Leslie Watson	2:52:44
August 31	Oslo Marathon	NOR Norway	SWE Josef Machalek	2:19:00	NOR Oddrun Hovsengen	2:43:39
September 29	Berlin Marathon	FRG West Germany	ENG Jimmy Ashworth	2:11:43	BEL Magda Ilands	2:34:10
September 29	Portland Marathon	USA United States	USA Leonard Hill	2:19:42	USA Lynn Bernot	2:51:25
October 12	Enschede Marathon	NED Netherlands	HUN Zoltan Köszegi	2:15:39	NED Eefje van Wissen	2:39:32
October 12	Niagara Marathon	CAN Canada	USA Mark Coleman	2:30:29	CAN Charlene MacDonald	3:07:20
October 13	Athens Classic Marathon	GRE Greece	SWE Michael Hill	2:26:20	GBR Eryl Davies	3:04:30
October 13	Beijing Marathon	CHN China	JPN Shigeru So	2:10:23	—	—
October 13	Melbourne Marathon	AUS Australia	BEL Frederick Vandervennet	2:12:35	AUS Margaret Reddan	2:44:56
October 20	Chicago Marathon	USA United States	WAL Steve Jones	2:07:13	USA Joan Samuelson	2:21:21
October 27	New York City Marathon	USA United States	ITA Orlando Pizzolato	2:11:34	NOR Grete Waitz	2:28:34
October 28	Dublin Marathon	IRE Ireland	IRE Dick Hooper	2:16:14	GBR Julia Gates	2:41:26
November 3	Istanbul Marathon	TUR Turkey	TUR Mehmet Terzi	2:12:50	—	—
November 17	Buenos Aires Marathon	ARG Argentina	ARG Ruben Huerga	2:25:20	ARG Derlis Maria Fraschina	3:59:47
November 17	Tokyo Marathon	JPN Japan	—	—	GDR Katrin Doerre	2:34:21
December 1	Fukuoka Marathon	JPN Japan	JPN Hisatoshi Shintaku	2:09:51	—	—
December 8	Honolulu Marathon	USA United States	KEN Ibrahim Hussein	2:12:08	NED Carla Beurskens	2:35:51
December 17	Tiberias Marathon	ISR Israel	SCO Lindsay Robertson	2:15:39	USA Sharlet Gilbert	2:42:54

Births

January 4 — Antar Zerguelaïne, Algerian middle distance runner
January 4 — Nataliya Zolotukhina, Ukrainian hammer thrower
January 6 — Nick Owens, American hammer thrower
February 10 — Mariya Smolyachkova, Belarusian hammer thrower
March 2 — Patrick Makau Musyoki, Kenyan distance runner
March 16 — Olexiy Sokyrskiyy, Ukrainian hammer thrower
March 19 — Sean Wroe, Australian sprinter
March 21 — Vladimir Kanaykin, Russian race walker
March 25 — Wilfried Bingangoye, Gabonese sprinter
April 6 — Anna Avdeyeva, Russian shot putter
April 7 — James Rendón, Colombian race walker
April 18 — Musa Amer Obaid, Kenyan-Qatari middle distance runner
May 4 — Henry Sugut, Kenyan long-distance runner
May 5 — Gu Junjie, Chinese triple jumper
May 21 — Mohsen El Anany, Egyptian hammer thrower
May 26 — Irina Petrova, Russian race walker
May 27 — Karina Vnukova, Lithuanian high jumper
May 31 — Kim Hyun-Sub, South Korean race walker
June 1 — Tirunesh Dibaba, Ethiopian long-distance runner
June 3 — Samwel Mwera, Tanzanian middle distance runner
June 15 — Susan McKelvie, Scottish hammer thrower
June 17 — Ozge Gurler, Turkish athlete
June 21 — Ryoko Kizaki, Japanese long-distance runner
July 29 — Anja Pollmächer, German sprinter
July 31 — Brimin Kipruto, Kenyan middle distance runner
August 26 — Oleksiy Kasyanov, Ukrainian decathlete
September 17 — Tracy-Ann Rowe, Jamaican sprinter
October 12 — Boniface Kiprop Toroitich, Ugandan athlete
November 14 — Andrey Krivov, Russian race walker
November 16 — Rogério Bispo, Brazilian long jumper
November 18 — Allyson Felix, American sprinter
December 1 — Andretti Bain, Bahamian sprinter
December 8 — Kim Deok-Hyeon, South Korean triple jumper
December 20 — Gilbert Kirwa, Kenyan marathon runner
December 26 — Carol Rodríguez, Puerto Rican sprinter

Deaths

March 4 — Sverre Strandli (59), Norwegian hammer thrower (b. 1925)
June 15 — Andy Stanfield (67), American athlete (b. 1927)
October 30 — Edgar Bruun (80), Norwegian race walker (b. 1905)

References

Info: Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

1985-in-the-sport-of-athletics sport-of-athletics-by-year

Want to explore this topic further?

Ask Mako anything about 1985 in the sport of athletics — get instant answers, deeper analysis, and related topics.

Research with Mako

Free with your Surf account

Content sourced from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.

This content may have been generated or modified by AI. CloudSurf Software LLC is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, or reliability of AI-generated content. Always verify important information from primary sources.

Report