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1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum

10th election of Philippine president


10th election of Philippine president

FieldValue
election_name1981 Philippine presidential election
countryPhilippines
flag_year1936
typepresidential
ongoingno
previous_election1969 Philippine presidential election
previous_year1969
next_election1986 Philippine presidential election
next_year1986
turnout80.9% (1.3pp)
election_dateJune 16, 1981
image1Ferdinand Marcos second inauguration (cropped).jpg
candidate1Ferdinand Marcos
party1Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
popular_vote118,309,360
percentage188.02%
image2Rep. Alejo S. Santos (2nd Congress).jpg
candidate2Alejo Santos
party2Nacionalista Party
popular_vote21,716,449
percentage28.25%
map_image1981 Philippine presidential election result per province.png
map_size300px
map_captionElection result per province. Marcos won in every province, city, and municipality.
titlePresident
before_electionFerdinand Marcos
after_electionFerdinand Marcos
before_partyKilusang Bagong Lipunan
after_partyKilusang Bagong Lipunan
module{{Infobox referendum
embedyes
nameJune 1981 Philippine referendum
questionShould there be barangay elections right after the presidential elections?
locationPhilippines
dateJune 16, 1981
no3793322
yes16268523
total21843829
outcomeProposal carried

The 1981 Philippine presidential election and national referendum was held on June 16, 1981. It was the first time an election was held in the Philippines, 12 years after the 1969 Philippine presidential election, the declaration of martial law on September 21, 1972 and under the 1973 constitution. Incumbent President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) defeated retired general and World War II veteran Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party in a landslide victory. Most opposition parties boycotted the election as a sign of protest over the 1978 election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), which they condemned as fraudulent. At the same time, a national referendum was held on the question in holding elections for barangay elections in 1982.

Marcos' 80% margin of victory is the most lopsided Philippine presidential election ever, beating out Manuel L. Quezon's landslide victory of 64% in 1941. Marcos getting 88% of the vote is also the largest in Philippine presidential election history, also beating Quezon's 1941 record of 82%. This is also the most votes received by a person in the Philippines for a single-winner election until 2022 when Sara Duterte won 32 million votes; for multiple-winner elections, it was beaten by Mar Roxas in 2004 with 19 million votes. This was also the presidential election with the most number of candidates, with 13, although nine candidates with the fewest votes collectively just got 0.13% of the vote.

Marcos would have served another six-year term ending in 1987, but it was cut short by the 1986 snap election that eventually resulted in his ouster in the People Power Revolution. This was the most recent presidential election where an incumbent President won re-election.

Lifting of martial law

On January 17, 1981, President Marcos announced the lifting of martial law via Proclamation No. 2045; in his address, he also inaugurated the "New Republic." Although martial law has ended, Marcos retained all presidential decrees, legislative powers and the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. The lifting of martial law was speculated to be due to the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with whom Marcos wanted to have close relationship with and who was to be inaugurated only three days later, and the arrival of Pope John Paul II in the country. In February, the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) passed a constitutional amendment that changed the parliamentary system of government to a semi-presidential modeled on that of France. The electorate approved the amendment in a plebiscite held in April. Marcos then called for a presidential election to be scheduled in June.

Campaign

The opposition, as early as April, had decided to boycott the election. The United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), the main opposition umbrella group, wanted to clean the voters' list, a revamping of the Commission on Elections, a campaign to be held nationwide and that UNIDO accredited as a minority party. Marcos did not accept the demands which led UNIDO to call for a boycott. This caused for Marcos to be reportedly dismayed as he could not legitimize the election without a viable opposition candidate. UNIDO also refused to participate as Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was in exile in Massachusetts) was not allowed to participate since only people fifty years old or older were allowed to participate (Aquino was 48 years old at the time).

Marcos instructed Nacionalista Party president Jose Roy to find a token candidate to oppose him. The Nacionalista Party was then a moribund political entity because Marcos, who was elected twice before under its banner, had alternately lured and coerced the vast majority its members to his new Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. The Nacionalista Party chose former Defense Secretary and Bulacan governor Alejo Santos as their standard bearer. Santos, who was appointed by Marcos as chairman of the board of the Philippine Veterans Bank, had Francisco Tatad, Marcos' former information minister, as his campaign manager. The other main candidate was Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party, whose platform was for the Philippines to become the 51st state of the United States.

With UNIDO pressing for a boycott, the government issued a statement that abstention was a mortal sin; the Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal Jaime Sin responded that the people "were free to exercise their moral judgment whether to vote or not." Those who did not vote on the April plebiscite were issued summons to force them to vote.

Results

Presidential election

Marcos won in every province and city canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa. Marcos' vote totals won't be surpassed until 2022, when his son Bongbong won the presidency.

Marcos won overwhelmingly, but with people remembering the American colonial era and wanting a change from the martial law conditions, Cabangbang surprisingly got 4% of the vote.

Results by province and city

Province/CityMarcosSantosCabangbangManapazDajaoValdezRimandoHingpitMorelosIgrobayDel RosarioEnageTipanaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}"Nacionalista Party}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
AbraKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;85,633Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.583020.35530.0600.0010.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0010.0000.0000.00
Agusan del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;48,920Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;62.0828,26435.871,4491.84300.04180.02220.0380.01680.0970.0100.0010.0050.0140.01
Agusan del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;115,080Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.8612,1799.402,0741.60210.02250.02100.0150.00790.0660.0030.0040.00110.0130.00
AklanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;152,479Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.591,8551.203010.1980.0100.00100.0100.0000.0000.0000.0020.0000.0000.00
AlbayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;182,609Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;78.4446,49119.973,1221.34880.04920.041300.06350.02740.03370.02440.02430.02290.01110.00
Angeles CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;49,429Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;80.328,57413.933,3685.47270.04750.12120.02130.0260.01140.0230.0070.0160.0130.00
AntiqueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;169,359Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.406820.403300.1920.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00140.0100.0000.0000.00
Aurora
BacolodKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;161,855Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.414520.285040.3100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
BagoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;44,845Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.501690.37580.1300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
BaguioKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;59,339Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.595,8368.523,0484.45310.05570.08380.061220.1890.01130.0280.01130.0250.0170.01
BaisKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;16,357Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;85.807914.151,8959.9460.0350.0300.0000.0010.0130.0220.0120.0110.0100.00
BasilanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;51,544Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.605,8209.782,0813.50100.02150.03160.0350.0120.0070.0110.0070.0140.0190.02
BataanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;115,133Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.6214,55910.951,6461.241,3761.04300.02820.06190.01100.01210.02160.01170.0160.0040.00
Batanes
BatangasKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;323,158Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.8943,81111.784,4561.201260.03860.02840.02440.01320.01300.01310.01290.01120.0090.00
Batangas CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;50,576Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89.464,8638.601,0161.80130.02120.02120.0260.0160.0170.01100.0280.0130.0140.01
BenguetKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83,277Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83.1915,46415.451,1071.11300.03730.07480.05310.03100.01290.0390.0190.01150.0170.01
BoholKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;276,407Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;84.0918,6395.6733,51710.20390.01180.01330.0120.00110.00150.0040.0040.0070.0040.00
BukidnonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;165,234Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;81.9515,9107.8919,8969.87750.041270.061530.08410.02340.02620.03100.00250.01370.02200.01
BulacanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;351,042Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;75.37110,60723.753,8230.82870.02650.01170.00290.01100.00240.01270.0190.0080.00100.00
ButuanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;39,317Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;59.0225,31538.001,4552.18270.04250.04180.0340.014130.62290.0400.0020.0070.0110.00
CabanatuanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;58,547Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.245,7128.806120.9430.0020.0000.0020.0000.0000.0010.0000.0000.0010.00
CadizKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;59,488Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.621570.26720.1200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
CagayanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;311,783Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97.278,1662.554670.15180.01360.01350.01150.0060.00110.0010.0040.0030.0020.00
Cagayan de OroKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;70,172Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;82.066,5937.718,4539.88410.05640.07790.09130.02310.04150.02110.01160.02150.02120.01
CalbayogKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;38,485Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;93.772,1295.193990.9760.0120.0000.0000.0000.0000.00210.0500.0020.0000.00
CaloocanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;256,048Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;93.9910,8133.975,4061.98420.02220.01210.01160.0120.00170.01160.01100.0040.0080.00
Camarines NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;40,293Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;57.1828,13639.931,7162.44960.14550.08650.09150.02140.02180.03120.02280.04130.02100.01
Camarines SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;226,582Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;72.2485,00227.101,7220.55550.021110.04530.02310.01130.00330.01130.00260.01170.01130.00
CamiguinKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;21,308Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.951,3965.967012.9940.0220.0120.0100.0060.0320.0110.0000.0020.0130.01
CanlaonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;10,246Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.785284.733843.4440.0410.0100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0010.0100.00
CapizKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;230,033Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.156,9002.882,3000.9600.0000.0020.0000.0000.0040.0000.0010.00120.0100.00
CatanduanesKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;46,485Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;63.3326,87736.62280.0420.0010.0050.0100.0000.0010.0000.0000.0010.0000.00
CaviteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;303,187Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.162,1130.693860.1330.0080.0070.00100.0060.00160.0140.0040.0060.0040.00
Cavite CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;38,822Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;84.805,56712.161,3232.89110.02130.0370.02110.0200.0050.01100.0270.0220.0010.00
CebuKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;503,905Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.9123,9984.3326,1114.71960.02490.01390.01140.00230.00270.0080.00160.00120.0060.00
Cebu CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;248,385Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.3920,1907.0218,7746.5320.00940.03720.0300.0020.0000.0040.0000.0000.0010.00
Cotabato CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;25,795Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83.374,20113.588002.5950.021090.35160.0560.0210.0020.0130.0110.0030.0100.00
DagupanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;36,729Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;85.995,26212.326711.5750.0150.01280.0720.0000.0000.0030.0140.0110.0010.00
DanaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;51,408Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.71950.18530.1000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
DapitanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;19,528Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.671,8288.306542.9750.0240.0200.0010.0000.0000.0010.0010.0000.0000.00
Davao CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;112,838Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;51.516,9703.1898,83545.12550.03940.04830.04450.02410.02260.01160.01240.01160.0190.00
Davao del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;158,528Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;57.988,2343.01106,15138.83580.021240.05850.03610.02410.01450.02110.00340.01240.01100.00
Davao del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;103,437Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;62.804,9092.9856,13534.08250.02590.04480.03160.01190.01210.0170.00240.0180.0080.00
Davao OrientalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;87,293Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;66.734,9783.8138,44429.39140.01310.02200.02100.0150.0060.0040.00110.0140.0010.00
DipologKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;22,068Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;82.812,82510.601,6946.3690.03110.04290.1130.0110.0020.0110.0020.0110.0030.01
DumagueteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;21,123Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;77.142,5329.253,62613.2490.03370.14200.0730.0170.0370.0350.0270.0320.0130.01
Eastern SamarKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;137,958Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.034,2412.951,4591.0200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
General SantosKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;49,425Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;81.503,9376.497,15811.80130.02270.04100.0280.01100.02150.02230.04100.0240.0140.01
GingoogKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;23,931Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;82.023,20010.971,9646.73310.11110.04110.0440.0180.0340.0150.0260.0210.0020.01
IfugaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;40,950Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;93.472,6005.932330.5340.01100.0250.0130.0120.0020.0010.0020.0000.0010.00
IliganKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;39,742Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;72.1711,19120.323,8757.04380.07670.12570.10120.02140.03220.04110.02190.03160.0370.01
Ilocos NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;174,932Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Ilocos SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;225,761Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.712,5331.114010.1810.0020.0000.0000.0020.0000.0000.0000.0020.0000.00
IloiloKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;547,040Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.8011,9072.116,1841.0900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Iloilo CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;156,407Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.8411,0476.424,7342.7500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
IrigaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;17,004Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;62.0910,21137.281560.5730.0150.0220.0100.0020.0110.0000.0010.0010.0010.00
IsabelaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;423,367Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.213,0890.722590.0600.0060.0010.0040.0010.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Kalinga-ApayaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;87,196Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;95.863,4343.782480.27110.01200.02140.02100.0190.0130.0010.0030.00120.0130.00
La CarlotaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;31,874Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
La UnionKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;227,319Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.023,6961.598900.3800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
LagunaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;317,699Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.9242,83311.724,9451.3530.0080.0070.0030.0020.0000.0030.0010.0040.0010.00
Lanao del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;103,905Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.9411,7219.813,6173.03360.03540.05980.0860.01100.01250.0220.00120.01150.0190.01
Lanao del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;208,092Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97.624,7502.233130.1500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
LaoagKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;39,149Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.87300.08190.0500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Lapu-Lapu CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;43,081Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;94.939982.201,2792.8230.0180.0210.0010.0020.0020.0020.0010.0010.0010.00
Las PiñasKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;71,045Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;92.185,6497.332860.37220.0310.00110.01150.0220.00250.0360.0170.0110.0010.00
LegazpiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;36,289Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;87.094,93211.843850.9280.02120.03160.0420.0020.0030.0140.01100.0220.0030.01
LeyteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;516,241Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.455,7681.102,3810.4500.0000.0000.0000.0020.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
LipaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;45,509Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.364,8419.401,0842.10150.0390.02160.0380.0240.0130.0150.0140.0160.0120.00
LucenaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;35,666Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;81.637,02416.089422.16110.03150.0390.0230.0130.0130.0190.0240.0130.0110.00
MaguindanaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;229,992Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;95.459,6193.999060.38370.02530.02950.04320.01370.02580.02310.01320.01320.01240.01
MakatiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;282,765Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;93.3512,6544.186,6522.201660.051950.06570.02650.02810.03500.02800.03400.011000.03100.00
MalabonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;123,392Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97.831,7661.409700.7700.0000.0000.0000.0010.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
MandaluyongKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;114,719Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.6910,4118.054,1713.22120.0160.0070.0180.0100.0050.0000.0040.0030.0020.00
MandaueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;40,845Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;84.562,2004.555,20710.78110.02110.0280.0240.01110.0220.0020.0020.0010.0000.00
ManilaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;687,024Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.1578,1969.8129,2113.661,1160.145060.063720.052190.031260.021340.022490.031020.011160.01580.01
MarawiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;25,082Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.003,22511.311830.6420.0100.0010.0010.0000.0060.0210.0000.0010.0000.00
MarikinaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;74,107Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;73.2113,35713.1913,68813.52220.02240.0240.00130.0120.0000.0070.0120.0030.0000.00
MarinduqueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;69,078Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.495,7157.575000.66260.031020.14280.0490.0120.00290.0430.0080.0140.0120.00
MasbateKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;182,234Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.8016,3188.131,9500.97910.05230.01230.01130.0130.00190.0120.00100.0090.0010.00
Misamis OccidentalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;66,338Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;81.598,85910.905,8207.16740.09850.10540.07120.01100.01210.0350.01140.0290.0130.00
Misamis OrientalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;118,102Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;85.0812,0608.698,2875.97950.07910.07650.05250.02450.03130.0160.00120.01120.0180.01
Mountain ProvinceKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;33,413Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.142,8227.703120.85230.06190.0530.01160.04200.0560.0270.02100.0360.0230.01
MuntinlupaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;76,927Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;95.762,6573.317340.9150.0160.0100.0000.0010.0000.0050.0100.0020.0000.00
NagaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;28,622Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;80.706,37817.983851.0990.03280.08100.0360.0240.0120.0160.0260.0220.0170.02
NavotasKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;71,071Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;94.833,5004.673090.41270.0400.0040.0130.0050.01100.0120.00100.0120.0000.00
Negros OccidentalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;527,330Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.521,2990.251,2390.2300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Negros OrientalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;202,622Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83.6115,2706.3024,1669.97810.03670.03470.02120.00120.00290.0150.00190.01110.0020.00
North CotabatoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;127,700Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;72.3441,33923.427,0904.02440.02590.031200.07390.02290.02500.0390.01240.01170.01190.01
Northern SamarKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;148,552Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.3312,8517.901,1760.72150.01100.01200.0140.0090.01100.0120.0040.0050.0000.00
Nueva EcijaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;328,440Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.5528,8128.031,3750.38280.01260.01370.0130.0020.0050.0070.0070.0060.0010.00
Nueva VizcayaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97,222Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.8311,07410.129190.84430.04330.03860.08270.0240.0090.0160.0150.00140.0120.00
Occidental MindoroKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;72,325Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.157,2819.085330.66170.02130.02200.02130.0210.00150.0270.0120.0010.0010.00
OlongapoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;67,072Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89.266,4358.561,5642.08160.02100.0190.0160.0140.0170.01130.0230.0020.0010.00
Oriental MindoroKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;154,295Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.5413,1897.831,0530.6210.0060.0010.0000.0010.0000.0000.0000.0010.0000.00
OrmocKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;48,455Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.047001.422690.5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
OroquietaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;11,457Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;69.692,52215.342,33714.21180.11550.33170.1060.0460.04100.0610.0130.0250.0340.02
OzamizKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;21,080Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;81.752,76710.731,8367.12160.06290.11180.0780.03100.0460.0210.0090.0350.0210.00
PagadianKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;20,564Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;82.103,35613.401,0594.23100.04180.07210.0810.0040.0250.0230.0150.0220.0110.00
PalawanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83,646Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;85.9312,79013.147660.79230.02230.02400.0470.0130.00150.0260.0170.01100.0110.00
PalayanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;9,685Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97.062562.57340.3400.0000.0000.0030.0300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
PampangaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;340,493Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.6828,4727.586,1731.641360.04480.01400.01260.01120.00260.01300.01100.00160.0060.00
PangasinanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;574,285Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89.6261,9659.674,0670.63650.01440.012630.04310.0050.00200.00190.00350.0150.0050.00
ParañaqueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;124,782Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;93.238,4496.316090.4600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
PasayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;134,856Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.359,3186.244,8603.26670.04450.03200.01200.0180.01140.01230.0250.00110.0180.01
PasigKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;159,577Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.5511,7676.752,7051.55580.03580.03300.02310.0260.00220.01240.01160.0150.0060.00
PaterosKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;22,877Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;93.061,3425.463351.3660.0250.0200.00130.0500.0010.0010.0000.0000.0020.01
Puerto PrincesaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;22,556Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89.492,4819.841570.6240.0230.0110.0000.0010.0010.0000.0010.0000.0000.00
QuezonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;231,831Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;68.01104,76630.733,7121.091140.031080.031160.03420.01300.01540.02310.01390.01370.01140.00
Quezon CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;580,821Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89.3348,1677.4119,3582.984600.073670.062160.032340.04740.01640.011950.03640.01970.01640.01
QuirinoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;37,005Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;94.961,9184.92380.1030.0110.0030.0100.0000.0020.0100.0000.0010.0000.00
RizalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;201,694Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.4726,81411.504,3291.86930.04640.03420.02380.021130.05140.01270.01140.01120.0170.00
RomblonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;67,721Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;94.443,4634.834730.6680.01220.0340.0110.0030.0030.0030.0020.0040.0110.00
Roxas CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;42,020Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;90.842,9746.431,2632.7300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
SamarKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;164,566Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.591,6110.977360.4400.0010.0000.0000.0020.0010.0030.0010.0010.0000.00
San Carlos, Negros OccidentalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;25,470Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;84.802,6368.781,8446.14130.04100.03520.1700.0010.0010.0010.0040.0110.0020.01
San Carlos, PangasinanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;35,887Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;91.173,2618.281660.42120.0320.01130.0300.0040.0180.0230.0150.0100.0020.01
San JoseKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;26,145Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.243,24610.962250.7620.0130.0140.0100.0010.0000.0010.0010.0000.0000.00
San JuanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;63,189Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.656,4768.883,0574.19730.10480.07150.02190.0360.0160.01140.02100.0180.0170.01
San PabloKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;47,568Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;82.058,95015.441,3412.31200.03340.06210.0460.0150.0190.0250.0160.0130.0140.01
SilayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;37,895Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;99.521440.38370.1000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
SiquijorKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;27,935Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89.512,0066.431,2474.0070.0240.0120.0110.0010.0010.0010.0010.0030.0100.00
SorsogonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;129,830Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;73.4245,43225.691,1940.68400.02800.05560.03190.01140.01450.03110.01150.01870.0540.00
South CotabatoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;153,454Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;75.4639,54919.4510,1424.99260.01460.02220.01280.0150.00330.0260.00220.01160.0180.00
Southern LeyteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;142,989Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.383,1752.142,2001.4800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Sultan KudaratKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;89,564Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;85.7013,68013.091,1471.10160.02170.02500.0530.0040.00120.0160.0160.0120.0020.00
SuluKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;125,976Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.693,7482.883820.29190.01300.02220.02120.01170.01240.02100.01150.01180.01130.01
Surigao CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;26,388Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;84.622,7678.871,9656.30170.05120.0480.0330.01110.0470.0220.0130.0110.0000.00
Surigao del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;104,644Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;87.289,5107.935,6324.70280.02300.0350.0090.0180.0170.0150.0050.00110.0120.00
Surigao del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;92,663Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;73.5520,77116.4912,1089.61840.07670.05690.05330.03360.03620.05150.01380.03320.03100.01
TaclobanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;58,614Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.277031.183300.5500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
TagaytayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;8,181Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;98.161381.66150.1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Tagbilaran CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;15,300Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;80.628224.332,81814.8590.05120.0630.0230.0260.0310.0120.0110.0110.0110.01
TaguigKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;45,037Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;86.905,70511.011,0171.96200.0490.02190.0450.0120.0030.0150.0140.0110.0010.00
TangubKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;13,973Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.813102.151441.0010.0120.0120.0100.0000.0000.0000.0020.0100.0000.00
TarlacKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;294,750Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97.127,4272.451,2360.41280.01180.0170.0040.0020.0050.0020.0010.0050.0000.00
Tawi-TawiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;33,331Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
ToledoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;31,354Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;84.802,1215.743,4559.34180.0520.0180.0200.0050.0110.0000.0020.0180.0200.00
Trece MartiresKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;5,236Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
ValenzuelaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;73,320Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83.5212,45814.191,8602.12510.06230.03180.02150.0270.01100.01120.01100.0150.0120.00
ZambalesKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;124,609Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;96.623,7592.915150.4030.0060.0050.0040.0020.0030.00630.0510.0000.0000.00
Zamboanga CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;78,495Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;83.3113,26414.082,1912.33360.04670.07560.06170.02110.01360.04110.01140.01110.0180.01
Zamboanga del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;97,141Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.748,3677.643,8883.55160.01140.01100.0120.0060.0180.0140.0070.0130.0020.00
Zamboanga del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;207,311Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;80.7936,15314.0912,2584.781490.062420.091960.08630.02460.02500.02140.01510.02260.01320.01
TotalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;18,309,360Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.021,716,4498.25749,8453.606,4990.034,9550.024,2240.021,9540.011,9450.011,7400.011,4210.011,2340.011,1850.015920.00
Source: Commission on Elections

Referendum on holding barangay elections

Like the presidential election, the measure was carried by overwhelming margins, but notably a large majority in Muntinlupa and a smaller majority in Marawi rejected the measure; it was otherwise carried other places canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa.

Summary

By province/city

Province/CityYes%No%TotalTotal
Abra75,34888.40%9,88911.60%85,237
Agusan del Norte71,80383.74%13,94616.26%85,749
Agusan del Sur75,72082.04%16,57117.96%92,291
Aklan104,43678.24%29,03821.76%133,474
Albay209,95882.85%43,45217.15%253,410
Angeles City54,05485.70%9,01614.30%63,070
Antique113,33371.22%45,79628.78%159,129
Aurora27,96174.78%9,42825.22%37,389
Bacolod City103,86982.06%22,70817.94%126,577
Bago29,83574.49%10,21825.51%40,053
Baguio49,44885.40%8,45514.60%57,903
Bais15,81981.47%3,59918.53%19,418
Basilan45,75877.82%13,04222.18%58,800
Bataan115,71785.37%19,82414.63%135,541
Batanes3,66087.60%51812.40%4,178
Batangas307,99075.73%98,69524.27%406,685
Batangas City46,36879.37%12,05220.63%58,420
Benguet78,24277.45%22,78722.55%101,029
Bohol284,57184.05%53,98415.95%338,555
Bukidnon162,05481.27%37,33918.73%199,393
Bulacan385,51884.68%69,76615.32%455,284
Butuan57,12886.41%8,98313.59%66,111
Cabanatuan49,21589.44%5,81010.56%55,025
Cadiz51,27185.92%8,40014.08%59,671
Cagayan241,41074.10%84,36625.90%325,776
Cagayan de Oro79,99284.71%14,43315.29%94,425
Calbayog35,52786.16%5,70913.84%41,236
Caloocan173,16584.54%31,66015.46%204,825
Camarines Norte66,33879.00%17,63221.00%83,970
Camarines Sur258,50676.90%77,63223.10%336,138
Camiguin21,54887.64%3,03912.36%24,587
Canlaon9,33283.66%1,82316.34%11,155
Capiz112,71469.95%48,41830.05%161,132
Catanduanes61,97385.76%10,28714.24%72,260
Cavite181,27664.31%100,60235.69%281,878
Cavite City39,33486.58%6,09913.42%45,433
Cebu451,19280.68%108,04919.32%559,241
Cebu City270,57594.23%16,5535.77%287,128
Cotabato City23,47684.27%4,38315.73%27,859
Dagupan38,44389.60%4,46410.40%42,907
Danao49,35696.26%1,9163.74%51,272
Dapitan18,29782.06%3,99917.94%22,296
Davao City128,02879.34%33,33520.66%161,363
Davao del Norte211,33376.55%64,75423.45%276,087
Davao del Sur126,69179.49%32,69620.51%159,387
Davao Oriental100,17582.27%21,58417.73%121,759
Dipolog20,04071.35%8,04828.65%28,088
Dumaguete23,86081.56%5,39518.44%29,255
Eastern Samar142,19998.98%1,4591.02%143,658
General Santos48,54477.55%14,05222.45%62,596
Gingoog26,02583.29%5,22316.71%31,248
Ifugao26,40569.69%11,48230.31%37,887
Iligan City51,06784.64%9,26415.36%60,331
Ilocos Norte155,51589.64%17,98010.36%173,495
Ilocos Sur196,97985.92%32,27614.08%229,255
Iloilo406,91876.04%128,21323.96%535,131
Iloilo City118,39772.28%45,41227.72%163,809
Iriga City23,76586.49%3,71113.51%27,476
Isabela341,11588.91%42,56911.09%383,684
Kalinga-Apayao63,30169.58%27,67330.42%90,974
La Carlota City27,26787.84%3,77612.16%31,043
La Union230,51684.17%43,34915.83%273,865
Laguna227,92878.84%61,18021.16%289,108
Lanao del Norte85,85377.32%25,17622.68%111,029
Lanao del Sur134,46665.12%72,03934.88%206,505
Laoag City35,16090.63%3,6339.37%38,793
Lapu-Lapu City38,39484.70%6,93815.30%45,332
Las Piñas46,09884.20%8,64915.80%54,747
Legazpi City36,15682.61%7,61017.39%43,766
Leyte484,53893.11%35,8536.89%520,391
Lipa City44,22684.84%7,90015.16%52,126
Lucena City37,42783.35%7,47516.65%44,902
Maguindanao163,07672.99%60,34227.01%223,418
Makati84,15070.23%35,67429.77%119,824
Malabon94,27784.71%17,01415.29%111,291
Mandaluyong72,82668.39%33,65731.61%106,483
Mandaue City43,30085.38%7,41614.62%50,716
Manila699,43285.24%121,15814.76%820,590
Marawi City11,60046.90%13,13453.10%24,734
Marikina74,56986.13%12,00913.87%86,578
Marinduque66,40684.57%12,11715.43%78,523
Masbate171,99185.36%29,50314.64%201,494
Misamis Occidental75,35282.15%16,36917.85%91,721
Misamis Oriental124,98783.21%25,22316.79%150,210
Mountain Province28,74183.68%5,60616.32%34,347
Muntinlupa14,53218.55%63,80581.45%78,337
Naga City32,03985.12%5,60214.88%37,641
Navotas45,63790.08%5,0279.92%50,664
Negros Occidental318,63476.85%96,00823.15%414,642
Negros Oriental207,90983.56%40,90816.44%248,817
North Cotabato195,22081.38%44,66218.62%239,882
Northern Samar110,53184.60%20,11415.40%130,645
Nueva Ecija269,07880.77%64,07719.23%333,155
Nueva Vizcaya91,96578.84%24,68221.16%116,647
Occidental Mindoro52,80485.44%8,99514.56%61,799
Olongapo City61,50677.15%18,21722.85%79,723
Oriental Mindoro145,22185.92%23,79114.08%169,012
Ormoc City48,33098.45%7611.55%49,091
Oroquieta City16,18682.10%3,52917.90%19,715
Ozamiz City25,35578.45%6,96521.55%32,320
Pagadian City22,53880.91%5,31919.09%27,857
Palawan82,00383.90%15,73516.10%97,738
Palayan City8,18182.11%1,78217.89%9,963
Pampanga280,74180.34%68,71419.66%349,455
Pangasinan569,88388.90%71,13211.10%641,015
Parañaque108,21685.18%18,82514.82%127,041
Pasay City116,42877.37%34,06222.63%150,490
Pasig85,51084.65%15,50815.35%101,018
Pateros16,70481.48%3,79618.52%20,500
Puerto Princesa City22,40787.79%3,11512.21%25,522
Quezon278,70681.56%62,99618.44%341,702
Quezon City468,82173.93%165,34926.07%634,170
Quirino30,77279.93%7,72820.07%38,500
Rizal198,94588.60%25,59611.40%224,541
Romblon62,99385.01%11,10414.99%74,097
Roxas City26,08580.90%6,15919.10%32,244
Samar98,33482.55%20,79217.45%119,126
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental25,41586.75%3,88213.25%29,297
San Carlos City, Pangasinan32,42681.56%7,32918.44%39,755
San Jose City27,46490.88%2,7569.12%30,220
San Juan59,50080.27%14,62119.73%74,121
San Pablo City49,87981.98%10,96418.02%60,843
Silay City28,47377.17%8,42222.83%36,895
Siquijor26,80781.42%6,11818.58%32,925
Sorsogon154,60385.27%26,70814.73%181,311
South Cotabato147,86072.48%56,14827.52%204,008
Southern Leyte145,18997.86%3,1752.14%148,364
Sultan Kudarat86,58585.83%14,29014.17%100,875
Sulu95,31174.88%31,98025.12%127,291
Surigao City28,01587.67%3,94112.33%31,956
Surigao del Norte110,18388.29%14,60811.71%124,791
Surigao del Sur104,78781.39%23,96718.61%128,754
Tacloban City58,94599.01%5900.99%59,535
Tagaytay City5,23163.78%2,97036.22%8,201
Tagbilaran City15,03476.31%4,66623.69%19,700
Taguig45,21486.71%6,93013.29%52,144
Tangub City10,43371.00%4,26129.00%14,694
Tarlac233,14493.37%16,5486.63%249,692
Tawi-Tawi45,61077.01%13,61622.99%59,226
Toledo City27,48671.87%10,75928.13%38,245
Trece Martires City3,21861.42%2,02138.58%5,239
Valenzuela53,33783.95%10,19816.05%63,535
Zambales111,47087.07%16,54812.93%128,018
Zamboanga City73,89678.86%19,81221.14%93,708
Zamboanga del Norte91,49081.79%20,36518.21%111,855
Zamboanga del Sur208,75179.81%52,80420.19%261,555
16,268,52381.55%3,793,32218.45%19,886,751
Source: Commission on Elections

Aftermath

Marcos was inaugurated on June 30, 1981, at the Quirino Grandstand, with then-United States Vice President George H. W. Bush in attendance. This is when Bush made the infamous praise for Marcos: "We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process."

Barangay elections were indeed held on May 17, 1982.

On August 21, 1983, Senator Aquino returned from exile in the United States, but was assassinated at Manila International Airport. Growing unrest followed, and Marcos was forced to call the snap election of 1986, where UNIDO and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) participated and nominated Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as their presidential nominee. Marcos claimed victory over Aquino despite reports of massive cheating, but he was removed from power a few hours after his oath-taking on February 25, 1986.

References

References

  1. Celoza, Albert. (1997). "Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism". Praeger Publishers.
  2. Steinberg, David Joel. (2000). "The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place". Westview Press.
  3. (1981). "Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines, the Prime Minister, and the Batasang Pambansa on the Manner the Election of President of the Philippines was Held on June 16, 1981". Bureau of Print.
  4. (1981). "Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines, the Prime Minister, and the Batasang Pambansa on the Manner the Election of President of the Philippines was Held on June 16, 1981". Bureau of Print.
  5. Russell, George. (February 3, 1986). "A Test for Democracy".
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