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1946 Philippine presidential election

3rd election of Philippine president

Field	Value
election_name	1946 Philippine presidential election
country	Philippines
flag_year	1936
type	presidential
ongoing	no
previous_election	1943 Philippine presidential election
previous_year	1943
next_election	1949 Philippine presidential election
next_year	1949
election_date	April 23, 1946
image_size	200x200px
image1	Manuel Roxas (cropped).jpg
nominee1	Manuel Roxas
party1	Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)
running_mate1	Elpidio Quirino
popular_vote1	1,333,392
percentage1	53.94%
image2	Sergio Osmena photo.jpg
nominee2	Sergio Osmeña
party2	Nacionalista Party
running_mate2	Eulogio Rodriguez
popular_vote2	1,129,996
percentage2	45.71%
map_image	1946 Philippine presidential election results per province.png
map_size	300px
title	President
before_election	Sergio Osmeña
before_party	Nacionalista Party
after_election	Manuel Roxas
after_party	Nacionalista Party (Liberal wing)
module	{{Infobox election
embed	yes
election_name	1946 Philippine vice presidential election
country	Philippines
flag_year	1946
type	presidential
ongoing	no
previous_election	1941 Philippine presidential election
previous_year	1941
election_date	April 23, 1946
next_election	1949 Philippine presidential election
next_year	1949
image_size	200x200px
image1	File:Elpidio R Quirino.jpg
candidate1	Elpidio Quirino
party1	Liberal Party (Philippines)
popular_vote1	1,161,725
percentage1	52.36%
image2	File:Senate President Eulogio Rodriguez Sr.jpg
candidate2	Eulogio Rodriguez
party2	Nacionalista Party
popular_vote2	1,051,243
percentage2	47.38%
title	Vice President
before_election	Vacant (Sergio Osmeña in previous election)
after_election	Elpidio Quirino
after_party	Liberal Party (Philippines)

The 1946 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on April 23, 1946, according to Commonwealth Act No. 725. Incumbent president Sergio Osmeña ran for a full term but was defeated by Senator Manuel Roxas. Meanwhile, Senator Elpidio Quirino defeated fellow Senator Eulogio Rodriguez to become vice president.

Background

Due to the Commonwealth of the Philippines government being driven into exile by World War II, the supposed midterm election in November 1943 and the general election in November 1945 were not held as scheduled. Soon after the reconstitution of the Commonwealth government in 1945, Senators Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, and their allies called for an early national election to choose the president and vice president of the Philippines, as well as the members of Congress. In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs Committee of the United States Congress approved the joint resolution, setting the election date by April 30, 1946.

Prompted by this congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election date on April 23, 1946. President Osmeña signed the act on January 5, 1946.

Candidates

Three parties presented their respective candidates for the different national elective positions. These were the Nacionalista Party, the Conservative (Osmeña) Wing, the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, and the Partido Modernista. The Nacionalistas had Osmeña and Senator Eulogio Rodriguez as their candidates for President and vice president, respectively. The Modernistas chose Hilario Camino Moncado and Luis Salvador for the same positions. On the other hand, the standard bearers of the Liberals were Senators Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino.

On January 3, 1946, President Osmeña announced his candidacy for President. On January 22, 1946, Eulogio Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for Vice President in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. According to the Manila Chronicle:The convention opened at 10:15 in the morning when the acting secretary of the party, Vicente Farmoso, called the confab to order.

Congressman Jose C. Romero, who delivered the keynote speech, accused Senate President Manuel Roxas and his followers *of fanning the flames of discontent among the people, capitalizing on the people's hardship, and minimizing the accomplishment of the [Osmeña] Administration. These men with the Messiah complex have been the country's and world's bane. This is the mentality that produces Hitlers and Mussolinis, and in their desire to climb to power, they even want to destroy the party which placed them where they are today.*

Senator Carlos P. Garcia, who delivered the nomination speech for President Sergio Osmeña, recited Osmeña's achievements and virtues as a public official and private citizen.

Entering the convention hall at about 7:30 p.m., President Osmeña, accompanied by the committee on notification, was greeted with cheer and applause as he ascended the platform. President Osmeña delivered his speech, a general outline of his plans once elected. He emphasized that as far as his party is concerned, independence is a close issue. It was coming on July 4, 1946.

On January 19, 1946, Senator Roxas announced his candidacy for President in a convention held in Santa Ana Cabaret in Makati, Rizal. According to the Manila Chronicle:

...more than three thousand (by conservative estimates, there were only 1,000 plus) delegates, party members, and hero worshipers jammed into suburban, well-known Santa Ana Cabaret (biggest in the world) to acclaim ex-katipunero and Bagong Katipunan organizer Manuel Acuña Roxas as the guidon bearer of the Nacionalista Party's Liberal Wing.

The delegates from all over the Islands met in a formal convention from 10:50 a.m. and broke up at about 5:30 p.m. They elected 1. Mariano J. Cuenco, professional Osmeñaphobe, as temporary chairman; 2. Jose Avelino and ex-pharmacist Antonio Zacarias, permanent chairman and secretary, respectively; 3. nominated forty-four candidates for senators; 4. heard the generalissimo himself deliver an oratorical masterpiece consisting of 50 per cent attacks against the (Osmeña) Administration, 50 per cent promises, pledges. Rabid Roxasites greeted the Roxas acceptance speech with hysterical applause.

President Osmeña tried to prevent the split in the Nacionalista Party by offering Senator Roxas the position of Philippine Regent Commissioner to the United States, but the latter turned down the offer.

As a result of the split among the members of the Nacionalista Party, owing to marked differences of opinion on specific vital issues of which no settlement had been reached, a new political organization was born and named the Liberal Wing of the Nacionalista Party, which would later become the Liberal Party.

Results

The election was generally peaceful and orderly except in some places where passions ran high, especially in Pampanga. According to the "controversial" decision of the Electoral Tribunal of the House of Representatives on Meliton Soliman vs. Luis Taruc, Pampanga "was under the terroristic clutches and control of the Hukbalahaps. So terrorized were the people of Arayat were terrorized; at one time, 200 persons abandoned their homes, work, food, and belongings in a mass evacuation to the Poblacion due to fear and terror."

A total of 2,596,880 voters went to the polls to elect their President and Vice President, who was to be the Commonwealth's last and the Republic's first. President Osmena chose not to actively campaign, saying the Filipinos knew his record of 40 years of loyal service to the country.

Four days after election day, the Liberal candidates were proclaimed victors. Roxas registered a majority of votes in 34 provinces and nine cities: Abra, Agusan, Albay, Antique, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Capiz, Cavite, Cotabato, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, Laguna, La Union, Leyte, Marinduque, Mindoro, Misamis Oriental, Negros Occidental, Nueva Vizcaya, Palawan, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, Samar, Sorsogon, Sulu, Surigao, Tayabas, Zambales, Manila, Quezon City, Bacolod (Negros Occidental), Iloilo City (Iloilo), Baguio (Mountain Province), Zamboanga City (Zamboanga), Tagaytay (Cavite), Cavite City (Cavite) and San Pablo City (Laguna).

Likewise, the Liberal Party won nine out of 16 contested senatorial seats.

In the House of Representatives, the Liberals achieved a majority with 50 seats won, while the Nacionalistas and the Democratic Alliance were only victorious in 33 and six seats, respectively.

President

Summary

By province/city

Province/City	Roxas	Osmeña	Moncado	Liberal Party (Philippines)}}"		Nacionalista Party}}"		Independent}}"
Abra	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	6,760	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	63.83	3,813	36.00	18	0.17
Agusan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	9,354	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	50.29	9,219	49.57	26	0.14
Albay	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	25,940	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	51.57	24,344	48.40	13	0.03
Antique	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	18,271	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	58.48	12,952	41.46	19	0.06
Bataan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	9,468	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	53.25	8,309	46.73	4	0.02
Batanes	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	1,326	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	64.65	705	34.37	20	0.98
Batangas	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	56,410	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	70.02	24,118	29.94	37	0.05
Bohol	30,592	42.98	Nacionalista Party}};"	40,285	Nacionalista Party}};"	56.59	308	0.43
Bukidnon	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	3,011	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	53.65	2,451	43.67	150	2.67
Bulacan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	39,799	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	50.77	38,549	49.18	38	0.05
Cagayan	15,514	37.40	Nacionalista Party}};"	25,605	Nacionalista Party}};"	61.72	365	0.88
Camarines Norte	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	10,471	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	65.62	5,482	34.35	4	0.03
Camarines Sur	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	33,267	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	57.85	24,214	42.11	21	0.04
Capiz	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	41,844	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	69.72	18,161	30.26	14	0.02
Catanduanes	5,477	38.63	Nacionalista Party}};"	8,698	Nacionalista Party}};"	61.34	4	0.03
Cavite	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	38,111	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	77.26	11,196	22.70	19	0.04
Cebu	53,848	35.12	Nacionalista Party}};"	98,700	Nacionalista Party}};"	64.37	792	0.52
Cotabato	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	17,826	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	51.85	16,490	47.96	66	0.19
Culion Leper Colony	47	10.06	Nacionalista Party}};"	420	Nacionalista Party}};"	89.94	0	0.00
Davao	11,896	36.43	Nacionalista Party}};"	19,226	Nacionalista Party}};"	58.87	1,536	4.70
Ilocos Norte	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	25,464	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	67.36	12,097	32.00	243	0.64
Ilocos Sur	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	30,322	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	64.67	16,530	35.26	34	0.07
Iloilo	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	79,136	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	64.50	43,522	35.48	25	0.02
Isabela	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	17,431	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	64.35	9,220	34.04	437	1.61
La Union	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	22,499	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	60.00	14,845	39.59	157	0.42
Laguna	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	36,527	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	62.12	22,246	37.83	26	0.04
Lanao	17,212	31.12	Nacionalista Party}};"	37,101	Nacionalista Party}};"	67.09	991	1.79
Leyte	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	64,236	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	56.17	49,965	43.69	155	0.14
Manila	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	82,457	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	72.24	31,513	27.61	172	0.15
Marinduque	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	10,596	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	80.94	2,487	19.00	8	0.06
Masbate	9,730	44.30	Nacionalista Party}};"	12,207	Nacionalista Party}};"	55.58	27	0.12
Mindoro	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	14,025	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	60.27	9,240	39.71	6	0.03
Misamis Occidental	11,165	39.96	Nacionalista Party}};"	15,926	Nacionalista Party}};"	57.00	848	3.04
Misamis Oriental	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	14,307	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	52.61	12,737	46.83	153	0.56
Mountain Province	8,490	41.77	Nacionalista Party}};"	11,369	Nacionalista Party}};"	55.93	468	2.30
Negros Occidental	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	62,605	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.14	52,982	45.81	58	0.05
Negros Oriental	13,262	33.98	Nacionalista Party}};"	25,594	Nacionalista Party}};"	65.58	171	0.44
Nueva Ecija	29,478	41.45	Nacionalista Party}};"	41,616	Nacionalista Party}};"	58.51	28	0.04
Nueva Vizcaya	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	7,458	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	67.00	3,664	32.92	9	0.08
Palawan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	6,317	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.99	5,164	44.95	7	0.06
Pampanga	11,296	13.97	Nacionalista Party}};"	69,505	Nacionalista Party}};"	85.98	42	0.05
Pangasinan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	82,081	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	55.86	64,794	44.10	56	0.04
Rizal	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	60,103	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	62.85	35,418	37.04	101	0.11
Romblon	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	9,200	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	72.00	3,560	27.86	17	0.13
Samar	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	37,553	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.88	30,793	45.00	82	0.12
Sorsogon	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	20,715	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.16	17,528	45.83	6	0.02
Sulu	6,833	42.53	Nacionalista Party}};"	9,228	Nacionalista Party}};"	57.43	6	0.04
Surigao	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	15,053	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	53.89	12,795	45.81	85	0.30
Tarlac	16,868	39.14	Nacionalista Party}};"	26,193	Nacionalista Party}};"	60.77	39	0.09
Tayabas	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	50,224	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	82.07	10,954	17.90	16	0.03
Zambales	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	15,811	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	69.71	6,853	30.22	16	0.07
Zamboanga	15,706	43.98	Nacionalista Party}};"	19,413	Nacionalista Party}};"	54.36	595	1.67
Total	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	1,333,392	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	53.94	1,129,996	45.71	8,538	0.35
Source: Bureau of the Census and Statistics

Vice-President

Summary

By province/city

Province/City	Quirino	Rodriguez	Salvador	Liberal Party (Philippines)}}"		Nacionalista Party}}"		Independent}}"
Abra	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	6,894	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	68.99	3,092	30.94	7	0.07
Agusan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	8,540	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	51.19	8,131	48.74	11	0.07
Albay	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	23,445	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	51.92	21,696	48.05	12	0.03
Antique	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	16,749	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	58.10	12,026	41.71	55	0.19
Bataan	6,424	43.74	Nacionalista Party}};"	8,245	Nacionalista Party}};"	56.14	17	0.12
Batanes	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	1,466	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	86.59	221	13.05	6	0.35
Batangas	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	32,185	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	59.06	22,195	40.73	111	0.20
Bohol	26,290	43.27	Nacionalista Party}};"	34,296	Nacionalista Party}};"	56.45	167	0.27
Bukidnon	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	2,899	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	56.44	2,138	41.63	99	1.93
Bulacan	29,277	42.92	Nacionalista Party}};"	38,881	Nacionalista Party}};"	57.00	50	0.07
Cagayan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	21,826	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	55.55	17,226	43.84	238	0.61
Camarines Norte	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	10,013	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	67.15	4,894	32.82	4	0.03
Camarines Sur	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	31,282	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	57.55	23,052	42.41	24	0.04
Capiz	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	36,845	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	67.79	17,494	32.19	11	0.02
Catanduanes	5,164	37.39	Nacionalista Party}};"	8,645	Nacionalista Party}};"	62.59	4	0.03
Cavite	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	22,688	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	55.88	17,882	44.05	28	0.07
Cebu	50,495	35.24	Nacionalista Party}};"	92,253	Nacionalista Party}};"	64.39	524	0.37
Cotabato	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	17,366	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	59.57	11,718	40.20	68	0.23
Culion Leper Colony	100	23.26	Nacionalista Party}};"	329	Nacionalista Party}};"	76.51	1	0.23
Davao	12,015	39.09	Nacionalista Party}};"	17,629	Nacionalista Party}};"	57.36	1,090	3.55
Ilocos Norte	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	26,727	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	73.21	9,672	26.49	109	0.30
Ilocos Sur	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	36,158	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	79.24	9,460	20.73	12	0.03
Iloilo	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	68,520	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	62.92	40,343	37.04	42	0.04
Isabela	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	19,800	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	76.76	5,786	22.43	208	0.81
La Union	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	29,126	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	80.70	6,860	19.01	104	0.29
Laguna	17,724	36.69	Nacionalista Party}};"	30,552	Nacionalista Party}};"	63.25	26	0.05
Lanao	12,638	31.58	Nacionalista Party}};"	26,787	Nacionalista Party}};"	66.94	594	1.48
Leyte	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	55,873	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	55.99	43,776	43.87	139	0.14
Manila	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	67,228	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	60.80	43,197	39.07	139	0.13
Marinduque	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	6,405	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	60.35	4,181	39.40	27	0.25
Masbate	8,378	45.35	Nacionalista Party}};"	10,066	Nacionalista Party}};"	54.48	32	0.17
Mindoro	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	12,370	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	62.47	7,423	37.49	7	0.04
Misamis Occidental	8,835	36.49	Nacionalista Party}};"	15,046	Nacionalista Party}};"	62.14	334	1.38
Misamis Oriental	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	12,245	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.30	10,172	45.11	132	0.59
Mountain Province	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	11,340	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	62.68	6,530	36.10	221	1.22
Negros Occidental	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	56,527	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.56	47,011	45.38	63	0.06
Negros Oriental	11,869	33.96	Nacionalista Party}};"	23,000	Nacionalista Party}};"	65.80	83	0.24
Nueva Ecija	27,949	41.91	Nacionalista Party}};"	38,690	Nacionalista Party}};"	58.02	46	0.07
Nueva Vizcaya	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	7,095	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	66.92	3,486	32.88	21	0.20
Palawan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	6,219	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	56.97	4,691	42.97	7	0.06
Pampanga	9,291	12.56	Nacionalista Party}};"	64,566	Nacionalista Party}};"	87.28	119	0.16
Pangasinan	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	84,775	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	59.86	56,806	40.11	45	0.03
Rizal	35,512	39.26	Nacionalista Party}};"	54,896	Nacionalista Party}};"	60.69	50	0.06
Romblon	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	7,482	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	70.81	3,060	28.96	24	0.23
Samar	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	34,920	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	57.58	25,586	42.19	140	0.23
Sorsogon	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	19,455	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	54.89	15,980	45.08	10	0.03
Sulu	5,953	43.78	Nacionalista Party}};"	7,640	Nacionalista Party}};"	56.18	5	0.04
Surigao	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	13,800	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	53.86	11,768	45.93	56	0.22
Tarlac	17,523	43.39	Nacionalista Party}};"	22,813	Nacionalista Party}};"	56.49	50	0.12
Tayabas	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	39,338	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	71.09	15,966	28.85	35	0.06
Zambales	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	15,370	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	75.58	4,928	24.23	39	0.19
Zamboanga	13,317	41.34	Nacionalista Party}};"	18,462	Nacionalista Party}};"	57.31	433	1.34
Total	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	1,161,725	Liberal Party (Philippines)}};"	52.36	1,051,243	47.38	5,879	0.26
Source: Bureau of the Census and Statistics

References

Celso G. Cabrera. "Rodriguez is Nominated as Osmeña's Running-Mate," ''Manila Chronicle'', January 22, 1946, p. 2
"Conventions Climax Hectic Week," ''Manila Chronicle This week'', January 27, 1946, p. 3
(1946). "Bulletin of Philippine Statistics No. 1". Bureau of Printing.

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