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1935 Philippine presidential election

1st election of Philippine president

1935 Philippine presidential election

1st election of Philippine president

FieldValue
election_name1935 Philippine presidential election
countryPhilippines
typepresidential
ongoingno
previous_electionPresidential elections in the Philippines#1899
previous_year1899
next_election1941 Philippine presidential election
next_year1941
election_dateSeptember 16, 1935
flag_year1919
image_size120x120px
image1Manuel Quezon LCCN2011647833 (cropped).jpg
nominee1Manuel Quezon
party1Nacionalista Party
running_mate1Sergio Osmeña
popular_vote1695,332
percentage167.99%
image2Emilio Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg
nominee2Emilio Aguinaldo
party2National Socialist Party (Philippines)
running_mate2Raymundo Melliza
popular_vote2179,349
percentage217.54%
image3The Most Rev. Gregorio L. Aglipay- Obispo Maximo I.jpg
nominee3Gregorio Aglipay
party3Republican Party (Philippines)
running_mate3Norberto Nabong
popular_vote3148,010
percentage314.47%
map_image1935 Philippine presidential election results per province.png
map_size300px
titlePresident
before_electionNone (last held by Emilio Aguinaldo)
after_electionManuel L. Quezon
after_partyNacionalista Party
module{{Infobox election
embedyes
election_name1935 Philippine vice presidential election
countryPhilippines
typepresidential
ongoingno
election_dateSeptember 16, 1935
next_election1941 Philippine presidential election
next_year1941
image1Senator Sergio Osmeña (1935).png
candidate1Sergio Osmeña
party1Nacionalista Party
popular_vote1812,352
percentage186.91%
image2Raymundo Melliza.jpg
candidate2Raymundo Melliza
party2National Socialist Party (Philippines)
popular_vote270,899
percentage27.59%
image3Norberto Nabong.jpg
candidate3Norberto Nabong
party3Republican Party (Philippines)
popular_vote351,443
percentage35.5%
titleVice President
before_electionOffice established
after_electionSergio Osmeña
after_partyNacionalista Party

The 1935 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on September 16, 1935. This was the first election since the enactment of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, a law that paved the way for a transitory government, as well as the first nationwide at-large election ever held in the Philippines.

Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon won a lopsided victory against former President Emilio Aguinaldo. His election victory was largely due to the weak political machinations of his rivals. Another losing contender was Gregorio Aglipay, co-founder and supreme bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Indepediente (Philippine Independent Church). Pascual Racuyal, a mechanic by profession, also ran for president as an independent. Quezon's running mate, Senate President Pro Tempore Sergio Osmeña won a more impressive victory as Vice President of the Philippines. He was said to have faced less effective candidates.

Nominations

Nacionalista Party nomination

Candidates gallery

File:Manuel L. Quezon (November 1942) (cropped).jpg|Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon File:Sergio Osmena photo.jpg|Senate President pro tempore Sergio Osmeña

After the passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act in the United States in 1933, only requiring approval of the Philippine legislature, the Nacionalista Party was split between the Quezon and Osmeña factions. The Quezon wing, known as the Partido Nacionalista Democratico or Partido Nacionalista Consolidado, was against the act. The Osmeña wing, known as the Partido Nacionalista Pro-Independencia or Partido Nacionalista Democrata Pro-Independencia, was for the passage of the act. Historian Teodoro Agoncillo pointed out that the main reason for Quezon's rejection of the act lay in his anticipation that Osmeña, whose efforts brought the passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, might run as President of the transition government slated to be established before granting of independence, resulting to the relegation of himself as second in command once more. Due to Quezon's efforts in the legislature, the Philippines rejected the act and himself promised a better law than the one brought home by Osmeña. His mission to the United States brought forth the passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934, just three months away from the Philippine legislative election, 1934.{{Cite book

The general election on June 5, 1934, turned into a gauge on which wing was supreme. Both factions claimed the Nacionalista label and independence became the central issue. When the results came in, Quezon's wing proved better than that of Osmeña, at least in the national scale. Osmeña faction candidates still dominated the local scene. After the election, the idea of forming a coalition between the two factions, reuniting the old Nacionalista party once more, floated in public discussion.

House of RepresentativesSenateOsmeña wing70Quezon wing22Quezon wing19Osmeña wing2

On June 15, 1935, three months before the scheduled elections for the Commonwealth, both factions held their own national conventions, wherein Quezon was named candidate for president, and Osmeña was named candidate for vice president. At this, the two factions reconciled as a unified Nacionalista party with an eight-point program.

National Socialist Party nomination

Candidates gallery

File:Emilio Aguinaldo ca. 1919 (Restored).jpg|Former President Emilio Aguinaldo File:Raymundo Melliza.jpg|Former Governor of Iloilo Raymundo Melliza

Emilio Aguinaldo, who founded the National Socialist Party in 1934, announced his candidacy for president on June 2, 1935. Raymundo Melliza, former governor of Iloilo, was his running mate. His candidacy was also supported by the organization Veteranos de la Revolucion, formed during the administration of Governor-General Leonard Wood by remaining Filipino veterans of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.

– General Emilio Aguinaldo in his acceptance speech, June 1935.

Other parties that supported Aguinaldo's bid was the Partido Radical, a left-wing party formed in 1930 by Alfonso Mendoza, and Partido Filipinista, another party founded by Aguinaldo. Mendoza was then representative of Manila's second district.

Republican Party nomination

Candidates gallery

File:The Most Rev. Gregorio L. Aglipay- Obispo Maximo I.jpg|Supreme Bishop Gregorio Aglipay File:Norberto Nabong.jpg|Manila Councilor Norberto Nabong

After his worldwide tour in 1934, wherein Aglipay went to Copenhagen to attend the 11th International Congress of Religious Liberals by the International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF), and even claimed to have interviewed Adolf Hitler and talked with Alejandro Lerroux, Prime Minister of Spain, and Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, he expressed his intention to run as President of the Commonwealth. On June 19, 1935, Aglipay announced his candidacy, the last one to do so. Thus, Aglipay revived the Republican Party for this purpose, first organized in 1905 but collapsed after the 1907 elections. With this, he also launched his seven-point program.

– Bishop Gregorio Aglipay in his Manifesto of his candidacy, June 1935.

His bid was supported by the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP), a left-wing party organized on November 7, 1930 by Crisanto Evangelista. The PKP fielded Norberto Nabong of Manila as Aglipay's running mate.

Results

Aguinaldo (left) and Quezon (right)

Quezon carried all the provinces except Aguinaldo's home province of Cavite, Camarines Norte and Aglipay's home province of Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya. Aguinaldo showed strength in the Bicol provinces in the face of early results, but Quezon eventually triumphed in the region. Aglipay's strength in Nueva Vizcaya won the province for the Republican candidate, yet the Nacionalistas still prevailed from the rest of the provinces. Osmeña also carried all the provinces except Cavite, wherein Melliza won by a close margin. Osmeña's feat is unmatched to date.

While Aglipay quickly accepted the results, Aguinaldo protested about electoral manipulations. He raised the issue up to the United States, and his supporters in Cavite plotted not only a rally to disrupt the inauguration in November, but also launching an assassination attempt against the winners, yet to no avail.

President

Results per province

Province/CityQuezonAguinaldoAglipayRacuyalNacionalista Party}}"National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}"Republican Party (Philippines)}}"Independent}}"Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Total
AbraNacionalista Party}};"6,891Nacionalista Party}};"92.6850.075397.2500.00
AgusanNacionalista Party}};"4,242Nacionalista Party}};"79.992444.6081415.3530.06
AlbayNacionalista Party}};"23,535Nacionalista Party}};"74.997,81724.91330.1100.00
AntiqueNacionalista Party}};"6,123Nacionalista Party}};"50.003,17825.952,93423.96110.09
BataanNacionalista Party}};"4,579Nacionalista Party}};"47.323,50636.231,59016.4310.01
BatanesNacionalista Party}};"773Nacionalista Party}};"79.2019820.2940.4110.10
BatangasNacionalista Party}};"27,661Nacionalista Party}};"74.008,74923.419682.5920.01
BoholNacionalista Party}};"20,374Nacionalista Party}};"76.675,50020.706942.6160.02
BukidnonNacionalista Party}};"1,785Nacionalista Party}};"98.7890.50130.7200.00
BulacanNacionalista Party}};"19,681Nacionalista Party}};"53.8815,29941.881,5484.2400.00
CagayanNacionalista Party}};"13,439Nacionalista Party}};"62.792,37211.085,58426.0970.03
Camarines Norte3,10643.57National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"4,017National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"56.3560.0800.00
Camarines SurNacionalista Party}};"15,538Nacionalista Party}};"63.148,70835.383641.4800.00
CapizNacionalista Party}};"18,632Nacionalista Party}};"91.361,5087.392531.2400.00
Cavite10,08439.60National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"15,245National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"59.871340.5300.00
CebuNacionalista Party}};"45,441Nacionalista Party}};"86.216,87613.053690.70230.04
CotabatoNacionalista Party}};"2,307Nacionalista Party}};"89.35552.132188.4420.08
DavaoNacionalista Party}};"9,200Nacionalista Party}};"89.165885.705275.1140.04
Ilocos Norte6,48234.17430.23Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"12,445Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"65.6000.00
Ilocos SurNacionalista Party}};"14,749Nacionalista Party}};"64.962120.937,74434.1100.00
IloiloNacionalista Party}};"33,274Nacionalista Party}};"64.2013,42725.915,1219.8850.01
IsabelaNacionalista Party}};"9,130Nacionalista Party}};"57.051,5519.695,32133.2510.01
La UnionNacionalista Party}};"10,496Nacionalista Party}};"59.215443.076,68437.7120.01
LagunaNacionalista Party}};"18,655Nacionalista Party}};"72.283,38413.113,76614.5940.02
LanaoNacionalista Party}};"6,426Nacionalista Party}};"94.891902.811552.2910.01
LeyteNacionalista Party}};"43,929Nacionalista Party}};"89.454,1878.539942.0220.00
ManilaNacionalista Party}};"25,281Nacionalista Party}};"63.2310,18825.484,50711.2750.01
MarinduqueNacionalista Party}};"6,021Nacionalista Party}};"84.061,06214.83781.0920.03
MasbateNacionalista Party}};"6,296Nacionalista Party}};"82.101,27216.59991.2920.03
MindoroNacionalista Party}};"5,636Nacionalista Party}};"62.762,95732.933874.3100.00
Misamis OccidentalNacionalista Party}};"6,590Nacionalista Party}};"72.211,37515.071,16012.7110.01
Misamis OrientalNacionalista Party}};"8,010Nacionalista Party}};"75.061,08710.191,57114.7240.04
Mountain ProvinceNacionalista Party}};"5,084Nacionalista Party}};"79.381191.861,20018.7420.03
Negros OccidentalNacionalista Party}};"36,851Nacionalista Party}};"71.423,5276.8411,20621.72120.02
Negros OrientalNacionalista Party}};"15,526Nacionalista Party}};"88.301,1086.309495.4000.00
Nueva EcijaNacionalista Party}};"15,066Nacionalista Party}};"44.109,03226.4410,06629.4620.01
Nueva Vizcaya2,03932.861642.64Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"4,002Republican Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"64.4910.02
PalawanNacionalista Party}};"4,525Nacionalista Party}};"88.2457711.25260.5100.00
PampangaNacionalista Party}};"21,903Nacionalista Party}};"65.117,95823.663,77711.2310.00
PangasinanNacionalista Party}};"34,425Nacionalista Party}};"51.091,8512.7531,10346.1620.00
RizalNacionalista Party}};"23,107Nacionalista Party}};"62.578,92124.164,88813.24110.03
RomblonNacionalista Party}};"3,471Nacionalista Party}};"73.061,24626.23320.6720.04
SamarNacionalista Party}};"22,920Nacionalista Party}};"80.224,98417.446602.3180.03
SorsogonNacionalista Party}};"12,014Nacionalista Party}};"61.847,40338.1140.0250.03
SuluNacionalista Party}};"1,414Nacionalista Party}};"93.52603.97382.5100.00
SurigaoNacionalista Party}};"8,879Nacionalista Party}};"80.354974.501,66815.1060.05
TarlacNacionalista Party}};"10,785Nacionalista Party}};"55.821,0825.607,45338.5710.01
TayabasNacionalista Party}};"25,078Nacionalista Party}};"86.223,12610.758702.99120.04
ZambalesNacionalista Party}};"6,504Nacionalista Party}};"60.911,06910.013,10529.0800.00
ZamboangaNacionalista Party}};"10,147Nacionalista Party}};"86.401,31311.182802.3840.03
Nacionalista Party}};"694,104Nacionalista Party}};"67.94179,39017.56147,95114.481580.02
Source: Department of Agriculture and Commerce

Vice-President

Results per province

Province/CityOsmeñaMellizaNabongNacionalista Party}}"National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}"Republican Party (Philippines)}}"Votes%Votes%Votes%Total
AbraNacionalista Party}};"7,052Nacionalista Party}};"98.0840.061341.86
AgusanNacionalista Party}};"5,039Nacionalista Party}};"98.11170.33801.56
AlbayNacionalista Party}};"27,050Nacionalista Party}};"91.712,4128.18330.11
AntiqueNacionalista Party}};"8,120Nacionalista Party}};"75.001,92717.807797.20
BataanNacionalista Party}};"5,230Nacionalista Party}};"70.251,41719.0379810.72
BatanesNacionalista Party}};"782Nacionalista Party}};"89.99799.0980.92
BatangasNacionalista Party}};"25,754Nacionalista Party}};"90.302,6499.291180.41
BoholNacionalista Party}};"23,802Nacionalista Party}};"96.797022.85880.36
BukidnonNacionalista Party}};"1,801Nacionalista Party}};"10000.0000.00
BulacanNacionalista Party}};"23,576Nacionalista Party}};"76.396,58921.356982.26
CagayanNacionalista Party}};"16,797Nacionalista Party}};"87.217353.821,7288.97
Camarines NorteNacionalista Party}};"4,789Nacionalista Party}};"75.201,57924.8000.00
Camarines SurNacionalista Party}};"20,116Nacionalista Party}};"91.621,7487.96910.41
CapizNacionalista Party}};"19,162Nacionalista Party}};"96.207023.52550.28
Cavite10,51849.30National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"10,651National Socialist Party (Philippines)}}; color:white;"49.931650.77
CebuNacionalista Party}};"47,036Nacionalista Party}};"92.553,7287.34570.11
CotabatoNacionalista Party}};"2,385Nacionalista Party}};"95.36381.52783.12
DavaoNacionalista Party}};"9,897Nacionalista Party}};"97.052382.33630.62
Ilocos NorteNacionalista Party}};"9,741Nacionalista Party}};"72.023,72827.56570.42
Ilocos SurNacionalista Party}};"18,616Nacionalista Party}};"89.26790.382,16010.36
IloiloNacionalista Party}};"38,999Nacionalista Party}};"79.389,23218.799001.83
IsabelaNacionalista Party}};"11,567Nacionalista Party}};"81.314022.832,25615.86
La UnionNacionalista Party}};"16,134Nacionalista Party}};"94.892601.536093.58
LagunaNacionalista Party}};"19,178Nacionalista Party}};"89.361,0815.041,2035.61
LanaoNacionalista Party}};"6,565Nacionalista Party}};"98.92330.50390.59
LeyteNacionalista Party}};"47,237Nacionalista Party}};"98.306371.331810.38
ManilaNacionalista Party}};"32,038Nacionalista Party}};"83.154,56011.841,9315.01
MarinduqueNacionalista Party}};"5,849Nacionalista Party}};"95.562684.3840.07
MasbateNacionalista Party}};"7,950Nacionalista Party}};"95.793404.1090.11
MindoroNacionalista Party}};"6,422Nacionalista Party}};"86.0692512.401151.54
Misamis OccidentalNacionalista Party}};"7,223Nacionalista Party}};"85.125456.427188.46
Misamis OrientalNacionalista Party}};"9,305Nacionalista Party}};"96.501601.661771.84
Mountain ProvinceNacionalista Party}};"5,884Nacionalista Party}};"94.84370.602834.56
Negros OccidentalNacionalista Party}};"46,165Nacionalista Party}};"93.011,0622.142,4094.85
Negros OrientalNacionalista Party}};"16,413Nacionalista Party}};"95.642191.285293.08
Nueva EcijaNacionalista Party}};"21,496Nacionalista Party}};"71.654,27114.244,23614.12
Nueva VizcayaNacionalista Party}};"3,040Nacionalista Party}};"53.95941.672,50144.38
PalawanNacionalista Party}};"4,579Nacionalista Party}};"91.694128.2530.06
PampangaNacionalista Party}};"25,672Nacionalista Party}};"88.022,0527.041,4434.95
PangasinanNacionalista Party}};"52,372Nacionalista Party}};"82.646771.0710,32716.29
RizalNacionalista Party}};"31,364Nacionalista Party}};"85.393,5489.661,8204.95
RomblonNacionalista Party}};"4,303Nacionalista Party}};"94.882275.0150.11
SamarNacionalista Party}};"26,808Nacionalista Party}};"98.593221.18620.23
SorsogonNacionalista Party}};"16,258Nacionalista Party}};"91.111,5728.81140.08
SuluNacionalista Party}};"1,431Nacionalista Party}};"97.02392.6450.34
SurigaoNacionalista Party}};"10,068Nacionalista Party}};"97.132112.04870.84
TarlacNacionalista Party}};"12,763Nacionalista Party}};"76.024502.683,57721.30
TayabasNacionalista Party}};"24,384Nacionalista Party}};"94.161,1804.563311.28
ZambalesNacionalista Party}};"7,655Nacionalista Party}};"83.214605.001,08511.79
ZamboangaNacionalista Party}};"11,061Nacionalista Party}};"97.163062.69170.15
Nacionalista Party}};"817,446Nacionalista Party}};"86.9770,9067.5451,5735.49
Source: Department of Agriculture and Commerce

Manila vote

Manila, as showed in the June 1934 election, leaned to vote for the opposition. First District voted for Gregorio Perfecto, a Democrata, as representative. Second District voted Alfonso Mendoza, a Radical. However, an opposition bailiwick the city could have been, the Nacionalista party won overwhelmingly, whereas it was expected that Aguinaldo and Aglipay will make an upset advantage.

CandidateVotesPercentQuezonAguinaldoAglipay
25,45463.33%
10,23625.47%
4,50311.20%

References

References

  1. (21 September 1935). "Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935".
  2. (22 April 1933). "Quezon and Osmena, April 22, 1933".
  3. Agoncillo, Teodoro. (1974). "Introduction to Filipino History". Garotech Publishing.
  4. Banlaoi, Rommel. (1996). "Political parties in the Philippines". Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
  5. Joaquin, Nick. (1990). "Manila, My Manila". Vera-Reyes Inc..
  6. Clifford, Mary Dorita. "Aglipayanism as a political movement".
  7. (2013). "Philippine Electoral Almanac". presidential communications development and strategic planning office.
  8. [http://philippinesfreepress.wordpress.com/1935/09/21/coalition-ticket-wins-by-landslide-september-21-1935/ Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935]
  9. (1935). "The Philippine Statistical Review". Bureau of Printing.
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