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1929 in the United States
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Events from the year 1929 in the United States.
Incumbents
[[Federal government of the United States|Federal government]]
- President:
- Vice President:
- Chief Justice: William Howard Taft (Ohio)
- Speaker of the House of Representatives: Nicholas Longworth (R-Ohio)
- Senate Majority Leader:
State governments
| Governors and lieutenant governors |
|---|
Events
January–March

- January 1 – In college football, California loses to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets in the 27th Rose Bowl by a score of 8–7.
- January 29 – The Seeing Eye is established with the mission to train guide dogs to assist the blind, by Dorothy Harrison Eustis and Morris Frank in Nashville, Tennessee.
- February 11 – Eugene O'Neill's Dynamo premieres in New York.
- February 14 – St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters, rivals of Al Capone, are murdered in Chicago.
- February 26 – The Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming is established by Congress.
- March 4 – Herbert Hoover is sworn in as the 31st president of the United States, and Charles Curtis is sworn in as the 31st vice president.
- March 16 – A part-talkie film version of Show Boat, based on Edna Ferber's novel rather than the musical, premieres in Palm Beach (starring Laura La Plante and Joseph Schildkraut). It is critically panned and not successful at the box office.
April–June
- April 2–6 – The Bombing of Naco by Irish pilot Patrick Murphy, the first aerial assault on the United States by a foreign combatant
- May 13 – The National Crime Syndicate is founded in Atlantic City.
- May 15 – Cleveland Clinic Fire of 1929
- A leak and explosion of methyl chloride refrigerant in a Cleveland hospital kills one hundred and twenty-eight and becomes regarded as the catalyst for the development of chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants.
- May 16 – The 1st Academy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California, with William A. Wellman's Wings winning Academy Award for Best Picture. Joseph W. Farnham wins the only award ever given for Best Writing, Title Writing. Frank Borzage's 7th Heaven received the most nominations with five, while both it and F. W. Murnau's Sunrise jointly received the most awards with three.
- May 17 – Al Capone and his bodyguard are arrested for concealing deadly weapons.
- May 20 – The Wickersham Commission begins its investigation of alcohol prohibition in the United States.
- May 27 – United States v. Schwimmer decided in the Supreme Court affirms that pacifism is sufficient ground to deny an applicant citizenship of the United States.
- June 12 – Lou Hoover has tea at the White House with Jessie De Priest, wife of Oscar De Priest, the first black congressman of the 20th century.
- June 16 – Otto E. Funk, 62, ends his marathon walk (New York City to San Francisco, 4,165 miles in 183 days).
- June 21 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico.
- June 27 – The first public demonstration of color television is held, by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington, D.C.
July–September
- August 11 – The first Bud Billiken Parade and Picnic, the oldest and largest US African-American parade, is held in Chicago.
- August 19 – The radio comedy show Amos and Andy makes its debut, starring Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll.
- August 31 – The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.
- September 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaks at 381.17, a height it will not reach again until November 1954.
October–December
- October 11 – J. C. Penney opens Store #1252 in Milford, Delaware, making it a nationwide company with department stores in all 48 states.
- October 14 – The Philadelphia Athletics defeat the Chicago Cubs, 4 games to 1, to win their 4th World Series Title.
- October 24–29 – Wall Street crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).
- October 24 – The Mount Hope Bridge, connecting Portsmouth to Bristol in Rhode Island, opens to traffic.
- October 25 – Former U.S. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, becoming the first presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.
- November 7 – The Museum of Modern Art in New York City opens to the public.
- November 29 – Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, become the first to fly over the South Pole.
- December 3 – Great Depression: U.S. President Herbert Hoover announces to the U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash are behind the nation, and that the American people have regained faith in the economy.
Undated
- Sunglasses mass-produced from celluloid are first made by Foster Grant for sale in Austin Texas
Ongoing
- Lochner era (c. 1897–c. 1937)
- On the roof gang, group of cryptologists and radiomen during World War II (1928–1941)
- U.S. occupation of Haiti (1915–1934)
- Prohibition (1920–1933)
- Roaring Twenties (1920–1929)
Sport
- March 29 – For the first time in Stanley Cup history two American teams face off for hockey's ultimate prize when the Boston Bruins defeat the New York Rangers 2 games to 0 for the Bruins first Stanley Cup victory. The deciding game is played in New York City's Madison Square Garden.
Births
January

- January 1 – Joseph Lombardo, American mafioso (d. 2019)
- January 3
- January 4 – Darrell Mudra, American football coach (d. 2022)
- January 5
- January 7 – Terry Moore, American actress
- January 8 – Gerry Spence, American lawyer and author (d. 2025)
- January 9 – Tom Riley, American lawyer and politician (d. 2011)
- January 13
- January 14 – Billy Walker, American country music singer (d. 2006)
- January 15 – Martin Luther King Jr., African-American civil rights leader, Nobel laureate (d. 1968)
- January 17
- January 19 – Red Amick, American race car driver (d. 1995)
- January 20
- January 21 – Rolando Hinojosa-Smith, American writer and literary scholar (d. 2022)
- January 25 – Benny Golson, American jazz musician (d. 2024)
- January 26 – Jules Feiffer, American cartoonist and author (d. 2025)
- January 27 – Richard Ottinger, American politician
- January 28 – Edith M. Flanigen, American chemist (d. 2026)
February


- February 1 – Stuart Whitman, American film, television actor (d. 2020)
- February 2 – John Henry Holland, American computer scientist (d. 2015)
- February 3 – Huntington Hardisty, American admiral (d. 2003)
- February 4
- February 5 – Hal Blaine, American drummer and session musician (d. 2019)
- February 6 – Chuck Nergard, American politician (d. 2017)
- February 10
- February 14
- Vic Morrow, American actor, director (d. 1982)
- James Nelligan, American politician
- February 15
- February 22
- James Hong, Chinese-American actor, director
- Rebecca Schull, American actress
- February 28 – Hayden Fry, American football player and coach (d. 2019)
March

- March 1 – Lynwood E. Clark, American Air Force lieutenant general
- March 6 – Gale McArthur, American basketball player (d. 2020)
- March 7 – Marion Marlowe, American singer and actress (d. 2012)
- March 8
- March 9 – Jay Weston, American film producer and restaurant critic (d. 2023)
- March 11 – Hugh Newell Jacobsen, American architect (d. 2021)
- March 13
- Peter Breck, American actor (d. 2012 in Canada)
- Joseph Mascolo, American musician, actor (d. 2016)
- March 14
- March 16 – Betty Johnson, singer (d. 2022)
- March 17 – Howie Winter, gang boss (d. 2020)
- March 19 – Michael M. Ryan, American actor (d. 2017)
- March 25
- March 26 – Edward Sorel, American illustrator and caricaturist
- March 27
- March 29 – Richard Lewontin, American biologist, geneticist and academic (d. 2021)
- March 31 – Bert Fields, American lawyer and author (d. 2022)
April

- April 1
- April 2
- April 4
- April 5 – Richard Jenrette, businessman (d. 2018)
- April 6 – Joi Lansing, actress (d. 1972)
- April 8 – Morton B. Panish, physical chemist
- April 9 – Paule Marshall, novelist (d. 2019)
- April 12
- April 13 – Yvonne Clark, engineer (d. 2019)
- April 16
- April 20 – John Andreason, politician (d. 2017)
- April 27 – Michael Harner, anthropologist, author (d. 2018)
- April 29
- April 30 – Beverly LaHaye, conservative activist (d. 2024)
May
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- May 2 – Link Wray, rock and roll musician (d. 2005)
- May 3
- May 4
- Audrey Hepburn, Belgian-born actress and humanitarian (d. 1993 in Switzerland)
- Sydney Lamb, American linguist
- Paige Rense, American writer and editor (d. 2021)
- May 5 – Ilene Woods, American singer, actress (d. 2010)
- May 6 – Paul Lauterbur, American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 2007)
- May 7
- May 8
- May 10 – Betty Foss, American female professional baseball player (d. 1998)
- May 11 – Margaret Kerry, American actress, dancer, and motivational speaker
- May 12 – Bernard Marcus, American businessman (d. 2024)
- May 15
- May 16
- May 18 – Walter Pitman, American educator, politician (d. 2018)
- May 21 – Charles Wadsworth, American music promoter (d. 2025)
- May 22 – Neave Brown, American-British architect (d. 2018 in the United Kingdom)
- May 25 – Beverly Sills, American operatic soprano, director of the New York City Opera (d. 2007)
- May 27 – Thomas E. Brennan, American jurist (d. 2018)
- May 29 – Harry Frankfurt, American philosopher (d. 2023)
- May 30 – Marshall Loeb, American business journalist (d. 2017)
June



- June 1
- June 2 – Norton Juster, American writer and academic (d. 2021)
- June 3 – Chuck Barris, American television game show host, producer (d. 2017)
- June 6 – Mary Hatcher, American soprano, actress (d. 2018)
- June 8 – Marion Marshall, American actress (d. 2018)
- June 9 – Johnny Ace, African-American rhythm and blues singer (d. 1954)
- June 10
- June 11 – Frank Thomas, American baseball player (d. 2023)
- June 16 – Paul Cain, American Pentecostal Christian evangelist (d. 2019)
- June 20 – Bonnie Bartlett, American actress
- June 21
- June 22 – Alex P. Garcia, American politician (d. 1999)
- June 23
- June 24
- June 25 – Eric Carle, American designer, illustrator and writer (d. 2021)
- June 26 – Milton Glaser, American graphic designer, illustrator and teacher (d. 2020)
- June 27 – J. C. Duncan, politician
- June 28 – Glenn D. Paige, political scientist (d. 2017)
- June 29
July
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- July 1 – Gerald Edelman, American biologist, Nobel laureate (d. 2014)
- July 3
- Joanne Herring, American socialite, businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and former television talk show host
- Lavelle White, American Texas blues and soul blues singer, songwriter
- July 4
- July 5 – Katherine Helmond, American actress (d. 2019)
- July 6 – Angelo LiPetri, American former professional baseball player (d. 2016)
- July 8 – Shirley Ann Grau, American writer (d. 2020)
- July 9 – Jesse McReynolds, American bluegrass musician (d. 2023)
- July 10 – John Glenn, Major League Baseball outfielder (d. 2023)
- July 12 – Monte Hellman, director (d. 2021)
- July 11 – Sandy Frank, American television producer, distributor, and marketer of TV shows
- July 14 – Pat Scott, American pitcher (d. 2016)
- July 15 – Walter Hirsch, American basketball player (d. 2022)
- July 17 – Arthur Frommer, American writer, publisher and consumer advocate (d. 2024)
- July 18 – Dick Button, American figure skater (d. 2024)
- July 19 – Alice Pollitt, American female professional baseball player (d. 2016)
- July 21
- Antonia Handler Chayes, American lawyer, educator
- Paul V. Gadola, American judge (d. 2014)
- July 23 – Robert Quackenbush, American author and children's illustrator (d. 2021)
- July 26 – Patrick Flores, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
- July 28 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American socialite, conservationist, 35th First Lady of the United States (d. 1994)
- July 31 – Don Murray, American actor (d. 2024)
August

- August 1 – Samuel Charters, American writer, music historian and record producer (d. 2015)
- August 2 – Irwin Fridovich, American biochemist (d. 2019)
- August 4 – Joe Pignatano, American baseball player and coach (d. 2022)
- August 7
- August 9 – Fred Fredericks, American cartoonist (d. 2015)
- August 10 – Vincent McEveety, director, producer (d. 2018)
- August 12 – Buck Owens, singer, bandleader, and TV host (d. 2006)
- August 13 – Pat Harrington Jr., voice actor (d. 2016)
- August 14
- August 15
- August 16 – Fritz Von Erich, wrestler (d. 1997)
- August 17
- August 21
- August 22 – Roy Clay, American computer scientist (d. 2024)
- August 23 – Vera Miles, American actress
- August 24 – Betty Dodson, American sex educator (d. 2020)
- August 26 – Chuck Renslow, American businessman, LGBT activist (d. 2017)
- August 27 – Ralph T. Coe, American art historian of Native American art (d. 2010)
- August 28 – Roxie Roker, African-American actress (d. 1995)
- August 29 – Yale Kamisar, American legal scholar (d. 2022)
- August 31 – C. C. Torbert Jr., American jurist (d. 2018)
September

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- September 1 – Murray Fromson, American journalist (d. 2018)
- September 2 – Hal Ashby, American film director and editor (d. 1988)
- September 3 – Whitey Bulger, Irish-American gangster and multiple murderer (d. 2018)
- September 4 – Thomas Eagleton, American politician (d. 2007)
- September 5 – Bob Newhart, American comedian, actor (d. 2024)
- September 6 – Dow Finsterwald, American professional golfer (d. 2022)
- September 9 – Stanford Parris, American lawyer and politician (d. 2010)
- September 10 – Arnold Palmer, American professional golfer (d. 2016)
- September 11
- September 12 – Harvey Schmidt, American composer (d. 2018)
- September 14
- September 15 – Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2019)
- September 16
- September 19
- September 20 – Anne Meara, American actress, comedian (d. 2015)
- September 22
- September 25
- September 26 – Meredith Gourdine, American athlete (d. 1998)
- September 28 – Skip Bafalis, American politician (d. 2023)
- September 30 – Helen M. Marshall, American politician (d. 2017)
October
- October 2 – Moses Gunn, African-American actor (d. 1993)
- October 4
- October 5 – Richard F. Gordon Jr., American astronaut (d. 2017)
- October 8 – Arthur Bisguier, American chess grandmaster, chess promoter, and writer (d. 2017)
- October 15 – Hubert Dreyfus, American philosopher (d. 2017)
- October 18 – Jay Last, American physicist (d. 2021)
- October 21 – Ursula K. Le Guin, American science fiction and fantasy author (d. 2018)
- October 22 – Patsy Elsener, American diver (d. 2019)
- October 24
- October 25
- October 26 – Roland Hemond, American baseball executive (d. 2021)
- October 28 – Mitchell Torok, American country music singer (d. 2017)
- October 30 – Roy Kramer, American football coach and athletics administrator (d. 2025)
- October 31 – C. O. Brocato, American football player and scout (d. 2015)
November


- November 1 – Nicholas Mavroules, American politician (d. 2003)
- November 2
- November 4 – Jane Davis Doggett, American graphic designer (d. 2023)
- November 6 – June Squibb, American actress
- November 8
- November 9 – Severn Darden, American comedian, actor (d. 1995)
- November 11 – LaVern Baker, American singer (d. 1997)
- November 12 – Grace Kelly, American actress (d. 1982)
- November 13 – Fred Phelps, American pastor, activist (Westboro Baptist Church) (d. 2014)
- November 14 – Jimmy Piersall, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2017)
- November 15
- November 17 – Jackie Ferrara, American sculptor d. 2025)
- November 23
- November 24
- November 26 – Betta St. John, actress, singer and dancer (d. 2023)
- November 28
- Berry Gordy, African-American record producer, songwriter
- Frederick D. Reese, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2018)
- November 30
- Dick Clark, American television entertainer (d. 2012)
- Joan Ganz Cooney, television producer
December
- December 1 – David Doyle, American actor (d. 1997)
- December 2
- December 9 – John Cassavetes, American actor (d. 1989)
- December 17 – William Safire, American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter (d. 2009)
- December 20 – David H. Gambrell, politician (d. 2021)
- December 21 – Newton Morton, geneticist (d. 2018)
- December 23 – Chet Baker, jazz musician (d. 1988)
- December 26 – Kathleen Crowley, actress (d. 2017)
- December 29
- December 31 – Robert B. Silvers, American literary editor (d. 2017)
Undated
- David Fintz Altabé, scholar and poet (d. 2008)
Deaths
- January 5 – Marc McDermott, actor (born 1871)
- January 13
- Wyatt Earp, gunfighter (born 1848)
- Emil Fuchs, sculptor and painter (born 1866 in Austria)
- January 15
- January 21 – Maria Taylor Beale, author (born 1849)
- January 30 – Franklin J. Drake, admiral (born 1846)
- February 4 – William Rankin Ballard, businessman (born 1847)
- February 11 – Frank Putnam Flint, U.S. Senator from California from 1905 to 1911 (born 1862)
- February 14 – Thomas Burke, sprinter (born 1875)
- February 18 – William Russell, silent film actor (born 1884)
- February 22 – Louise Upton Brumback, landscape painter (born 1867)
- February 24
- February 27 – Briton Hadden, co-founder of Time magazine (born 1898)
- March 1 – Royal Hurlburt Weller, politician (born 1881)
- March 5 – David Dunbar Buick, inventor (born 1854 in Scotland)
- March 6 – Moses E. Clapp, politician (born 1851)
- March 12 – Asa Griggs Candler, businessman and politician (born 1851)
- March 15 – Pinetop Smith, blues pianist (born 1904; shot in dancehall brawl)
- March 18 – William P. Cronan, Naval Governor of Guam (born 1879)
- March 28 – Katharine Lee Bates, librettist, author of "America the Beautiful" (born 1859)
- April 4 – William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander and 7th Governor of American Samoa (born 1867)
- April 28 – May Jordan McConnel, Australian trade unionist and suffragist (born 1860)
- June 2 – Don Murray, jazz clarinettist (born 1894; auto accident)
- June 4 – Harry Frazee, Broadway producer and baseball owner (born 1881)
- June 5 – Adolph Coors, brewer (born 1847 in Prussia; suicide)
- June 9 – murder–suicide
- Louis Bennison, silent Western film actor (born 1884)
- Margaret Lawrence, actress (born 1889)
- June 11 – William D. Boyce, entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America (born 1858)
- July 2 – Gladys Brockwell, film actress (born 1894; auto accident)
- July 3 – Dustin Farnum, silent Western film actor (born 1874)
- July 9 – Cack Henley, baseball player (born 1884)
- July 12 – Robert Henri, painter (born 1865)
- July 20 – Noble Drew Ali, prophet (born 1886)
- August 3
- Emile Berliner, inventor (born 1851 in Hanover)
- Thorstein Veblen, economist (born 1857)
- August 19 – Chris Kelly, jazz trumpeter (born c.1890)
- August 27 – James Knox Taylor, official architect (born 1857)
- September 2 – Paul Leni, filmmaker (born 1885 in Germany)
- September 4 – Frederick Freeman Proctor, vaudeville impresario (born 1851)
- September 25 – Miller Huggins, baseball manager (born 1879)
- October 3 – Jeanne Eagels, actress (born 1890; addiction)
- October 15 – Annie Lowrie Alexander, physician and educator (born 1864)
- November 14 – Joe McGinnity, baseball player (born 1871)
- November 17 – Herman Hollerith, businessman and inventor (born 1860)
- November 24 – Raymond Hitchcock, actor and producer (born 1865)
- December 10 – Harry Crosby, publisher and poet (born 1898; suicide)
- December 19 – Blind Lemon Jefferson, blues musician (born 1893; heart failure)
- December 21 – I. L. Patterson, politician, 18th Governor of Oregon (born 1859)
- Undated
- Timothy Francis Donovan Aaron, New Jersey politician (born 1853)
- Adelaïde Alsop Robineau, ceramicist (born 1865)
- Dallas Lore Sharp, nature writer (born 1870)
References
References
- "Infoplease Encyclopedia". 2007 Pearson Education.
- "Cleveland Clinic Fire".
- "Al Capone". [[FBI]].
- (October 30, 1929). "STOCKS COLLAPSE IN 16,410,030-SHARE DAY, BUT RALLY AT CLOSE CHEERS BROKERS; BANKERS OPTIMISTIC, TO CONTINUE AID". The New York Times.
- "The long legacy of the U.S. occupation of Haiti". The Washington Post.
- "Volstead Act {{!}} History, Definition, & Significance {{!}} Britannica".
- (2011-10-26). "Lynwood Edgerton Clark Collection: Veterans History Project (American Folklife Center, Library of Congress)". Lcweb2.loc.gov.
- (7 July 2021). "Richard C. Lewontin, Eminent Geneticist With a Sharp Pen, Dies at 92". The New York Times.
- [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/12/27/grace-mirabella-editor-american-vogue-1970s-1980s-refocused/ Grace Mirabella, editor of American Vogue through the 1970s and 1980s who refocused the magazine on ‘real women’ – obituary]
- [https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/story/_/id/35462688/frank-thomas-pirates-star-original-met-dies-93 Frank Thomas, Pirates star and original Met, dies at 93]
- (2011-02-23). "Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World". [[SAGE Publications]].
- (2021-05-27). "Eric Carle, Author and Illustrator of 'The Very Hungry Caterpillar,' Dead at 91".
- (1994). "Who's who in Graphic Design: Profiles of More Than 300 Leading Graphic Designers from 46 Countries, Including 1500 Illustrations". Benteli-Werd Verlags.
- (2013). "Blues: A Regional Experience". Praeger.
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- [https://www.aseaofblue.com/2022/5/13/23071157/walt-hirsch-uk-basketball-legend UK Basketball legend Walt Hirsch passes away]
- [https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-industry-news/article/86654-obituary-robert-m-quackenbush.html Obituary: Robert M. Quackenbush]
- [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/former-brooklyn-dodgers-catcher-mets-coach-joe-pignatano-dies-92-rcna30234 Former Brooklyn Dodgers catcher, Mets coach Joe Pignatano dies at 92]
- (16 March 2018). "Louise Slaughter, 88, Liberal Congresswoman in 16th Term, Is Dead". The New York Times.
- [https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/father-of-miranda-yale-kamisar-dies-at-92 'Father of Miranda' Yale Kamisar dies at 92]
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- [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/apr/23/reverend-cecil-williams-san-francisco-california-dies-aged-94 Cecil Williams, reverend who turned a church into a safe haven, dies aged 94]
- [https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/sfgate/name/jay-last-obituary?id=31582731 Jay Last]
- (1999). "Who's who of Pulitzer Prize Winners". Greenwood Publishing Group.
- [https://www.espn.co.uk/mlb/story/_/id/32861944/roland-hemond-three-mlb-executive-year-chicago-white-sox-baltimore-orioles-dies-92 Roland Hemond, three-time MLB Executive of the Year with Chicago White Sox and Baltimore Orioles, dies at 92]
- [https://www.tennesseetitans.com/news/long-time-titans-scout-c-o-brocato-passes-away-at-85-15787538 Long-Time Titans Scout C.O. Brocato Passes Away at 85]
- Onofrio, Jan. (1999). "Oregon Biographical Dictionary". Somerset Publishers, Inc..
- [https://www.theadvocate.com/print/legendary-prep-football-coach-in-shreveport-lee-hedges-dies-at-93/article_ba9daf86-1e72-11ee-917d-f3e561020e7d.html Legendary prep football coach in Shreveport, Lee Hedges, dies at 93]
- "Grace Kelly {{!}} American actress and princess of Monaco".
- [https://deadline.com/2023/06/marvin-kitman-dead-newsday-television-reviewer-author-was-93-1235427733/ Marvin Kitman Dies: Newsday Television Reviewer And Author Was 93]
- "Our Legacy".
- Hayward, Anthony. (March 3, 1997). "Obituary: David Doyle". [[The Independent]].
- "Guide to the David Fintz Altabé Papers, 1978-2000 (bulk 1985-1998) ASF AR 12".
- [[Douglas A. Anderson. Anderson, Douglas A.]] Introduction to Cold Spring Press edition of ''[[The Dark Chamber]]''.
- Knight, Lucian Lamar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TClcHjAQ2coC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28 Library of Southern Literature, Volume XV: Biographical dictionary of authors], p. 28 (1910), Public domain
- (6 May 1929). "Family Notices". [[The Brisbane Courier]].
- (1929-06-10). "Noted Stage Stars in Murder-Suicide". [[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]].
- "Paul Leni".
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