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1905 All England Badminton Championships
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| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | 1905 All England Badminton Championships |
| dates | – |
| number_edition | 7th |
| venue | London Rifle Brigade Drill Hall |
| location | 130 Bunhill Row, Islington, London |
| website | All England Championships |
| previous | 1904 |
| next | 1906 |
The 1905 All England Open Badminton Championships was a badminton tournament held at the London Rifle Brigade Drill Hall, London, England, from March 1 to March 4, 1905.
Henry Marrett retained his men's singles title. Ethel Thomson and Meriel Lucas won a third women's doubles crown after retaining their title. Lucas also won her second singles title. There were no entries from Ireland.
Final results
| Category | Winners | Runners-up | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles | ENG Henry Marrett | ENG Ralph Watling | 15–6, 15-2 |
| Women's singles | ENG Meriel Lucas | ENG Mabel Hardy | 9–15, 15–6, 15-9 |
| Men's doubles | ENG Stewart Marsden Massey & C. T. J. Barnes | ENG Albert Prebble & Henry Marrett | 11–15, 15–11, 15-10 |
| Women's doubles | ENG Meriel Lucas & Ethel Thomson | ENG Dora Harvey & Mabel Hardy | 15–3, 15-6 |
| Mixed doubles | ENG Henry Marrett & Hazel Hogarth | ENG Sir George Thomas & Ethel Thomson | 15–8, 15-2 |
| Men's doubles handicap | ENG C. A. Turner & Norman Wood (owe 6) | ENG Sir George Thomas & Albert Cowley (owe 10) | 11–15, 15–13, 15-7 |
| Women's doubles handicap | ENG Hazel Hogarth & Miss G. L. Murray (owe 5) | ENG Muriel Bateman & Florence Lannowe (owe 2) | 15–12, 15-7 |
| Mixed doubles handicap | ENG Henry Marrett & Muriel Bateman (owe 12) | ENG J. H. Colin Prior & Miss G. L. Murray (owe 2) | 12–15, 15–7, 15-10 |
| Veterans' doubles handicap | ENG George Vidal & C. A. Turner (owe 6) | ENG C. G. Eames & H. C. Wright (owe 6) | 15–8, 15-4 |
Men's singles
| RD1-seed1= | RD1-team1=ENG Henry Marrett | RD1-score1-1= | RD1-score1-2= | RD1-score1-3= | RD1-team2=bye | RD1-score2-1= | RD1-score2-2= | RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3= | RD1-team3=ENG H. C. Fanshawe | RD1-score3-1= | RD1-score3-2= | RD1-score3-3= | RD1-team4=bye | RD1-score4-1= | RD1-score4-2= | RD1-score4-3=
| RD1-seed5= | RD1-team5=ENG C. Collingwood | RD1-score5-1=15 | RD1-score5-2=15 | RD1-score5-3= | RD1-team6=ENG D'Arcy Bannerman | RD1-score6-1=5 | RD1-score6-2=5 | RD1-score6-3=
| RD1-seed7= | RD1-team7=ENG G. D. Wright | RD1-score7-1=15 | RD1-score7-2=15 | RD1-score7-3= | RD1-team8=ENG Thomas Berger | RD1-score8-1=0 | RD1-score8-2=0 | RD1-score8-3=
| RD1-seed09= | RD1-team09=ENG George Thomas | RD1-score09-1= | RD1-score09-2= | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-team10=bye | RD1-score10-1= | RD1-score10-2= | RD1-score10-3=
| RD1-seed11= | RD1-team11=SCO H. J. H. Inglis | RD1-score11-1= | RD1-score11-2= | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-team12=bye | RD1-score12-1= | RD1-score12-2= | RD1-score12-3=
| RD1-seed13= | RD1-team13=ENG H. S. Venables | RD1-score13-1= | RD1-score13-2= | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-team14=bye | RD1-score14-1= | RD1-score14-2= | RD1-score14-3=
| RD1-seed15= | RD1-team15=ENG A. W. Andrews | RD1-score15-1= | RD1-score15-2= | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-team16=bye | RD1-score16-1= | RD1-score16-2= | RD1-score16-3=
| RD1-seed17= | RD1-team17=ENG Ralph Watling | RD1-score17-1= | RD1-score17-2= | RD1-score17-3= | RD1-team18=bye | RD1-score18-1= | RD1-score18-2= | RD1-score18-3=
| RD1-seed19= | RD1-team19=ENG Albert Cowley | RD1-score19-1= | RD1-score19-2= | RD1-score19-3= | RD1-team20=bye | RD1-score20-1= | RD1-score20-2= | RD1-score20-3=
| RD1-team21=ENG E. P. Harrison | RD1-score21-1=15 | RD1-score21-2=17 | RD1-score21-3= | RD1-team22=ENG T. H. E. Bird | RD1-score22-1=12 | RD1-score22-2=14 | RD1-score22-3
| RD1-seed23= | RD1-team23=ENG Edward Hawthorn | RD1-score23-1= | RD1-score23-2= | RD1-score23-3= | RD1-team24=bye | RD1-score24-1= | RD1-score24-2= | RD1-score24-3=
| RD1-seed25= | RD1-team25=ENG Norman Wood | RD1-score25-1= | RD1-score25-2= | RD1-score25-3= | RD1-team26=bye | RD1-score26-1= | RD1-score26-2= | RD1-score26-3=
| RD1-seed27= | RD1-team27=ENG Arthur Berger | RD1-score27-1= | RD1-score27-2= | RD1-score27-3= | RD1-team28=bye | RD1-score28-1= | RD1-score28-2= | RD1-score28-3=
| RD1-seed29= | RD1-team29=ENG J.H. Colin Prior | RD1-score29-1= | RD1-score29-2= | RD1-score29-3= | RD1-team30=bye | RD1-score30-1= | RD1-score30-2= | RD1-score30-3=
| RD1-team31=ENG William Clark Player | RD1-score31-1= | RD1-score31-2= | RD1-score31-3= | RD1-team32=bye | RD1-score32-1= | RD1-score32-2= | RD1-score32-3=
| RD2-seed1= | RD2-team1=ENG Marrett | RD2-score1-1=15 | RD2-score1-2=15 | RD2-score1-3= | RD2-seed2= | RD2-team2=ENG Fanshawe | RD2-score2-1=2 | RD2-score2-2=3 | RD2-score2-3=
| RD2-seed3= | RD2-team3=ENG Collingwood | RD2-score3-1=15 | RD2-score3-2=15 | RD2-score3-3= | RD2-seed4= | RD2-team4=ENG Wright | RD2-score4-1=10 | RD2-score4-2=2 | RD2-score4-3=
| RD2-seed5= | RD2-team5=ENG Thomas | RD2-score5-1=15 | RD2-score5-2=12 | RD2-score5-3=15 | RD2-seed6= | RD2-team6=SCO Inglis | RD2-score6-1=6 | RD2-score6-2=15 | RD2-score6-3=10
| RD2-seed7= | RD2-team7=ENG Venables | RD2-score7-1=15 | RD2-score7-2=15 | RD2-score7-3= | RD2-seed8= | RD2-team8=ENG Andrews | RD2-score8-1=9 | RD2-score8-2=4 | RD2-score8-3=
| RD2-seed09= | RD2-team09=ENG Watling | RD2-score09-1=15 | RD2-score09-2=15 | RD2-score09-3= | RD2-seed10= | RD2-team10=ENG Cowley | RD2-score10-1=4 | RD2-score10-2=6 | RD2-score10-3=
| RD2-seed11= | RD2-team11=ENG Harrison | RD2-score11-1=15 | RD2-score11-2=15 | RD2-score11-3= | RD2-seed12= | RD2-team12=ENG Hawthorn | RD2-score12-1=5 | RD2-score12-2=4 | RD2-score12-3=
| RD2-seed13= | RD2-team13=ENG Wood | RD2-score13-1=15 | RD2-score13-2=15 | RD2-score13-3= | RD2-seed14= | RD2-team14=ENG Berger | RD2-score14-1=1 | RD2-score14-2=0 | RD2-score14-3=
| RD2-seed15= | RD2-team15=ENG Prior | RD2-score15-1=15 | RD2-score15-2=15 | RD2-score15-3= | RD2-seed16= | RD2-team16=ENG Player | RD2-score16-1=3 | RD2-score16-2=8 | RD2-score16-3=
| RD3-seed1= | RD3-team1=ENG Marrett | RD3-score1-1=15 | RD3-score1-2=15 | RD3-score1-3= | RD3-seed2= | RD3-team2=ENG Collingwood | RD3-score2-1=0 | RD3-score2-2=2 | RD3-score2-3=
| RD3-seed3= | RD3-team3=ENG Thomas | RD3-score3-1=15 | RD3-score3-2=15 | RD3-score3-3= | RD3-seed4= | RD3-team4=ENG Venables | RD3-score4-1=9 | RD3-score4-2=12 | RD3-score4-3=
| RD3-seed5= | RD3-team5=ENG Watling | RD3-score5-1=15 | RD3-score5-2=15 | RD3-score5-3= | RD3-seed6= | RD3-team6=ENG Harrison | RD3-score6-1=1 | RD3-score6-2=8 | RD3-score6-3=
| RD3-seed7= | RD3-team7=ENG Wood | RD3-score7-1=15 | RD3-score7-2=15 | RD3-score7-3= | RD3-seed8= | RD3-team8=ENG Prior | RD3-score8-1=6 | RD3-score8-2=9 | RD3-score8-3=
| RD4-seed1= | RD4-team1=ENG Marrett | RD4-score1-1=15 | RD4-score1-2=15 | RD4-score1-3= | RD4-seed2= | RD4-team2=ENG Thomas | RD4-score2-1=8 | RD4-score2-2=0 | RD4-score2-3=
| RD4-seed3= | RD4-team3=ENG Watling | RD4-score3-1=15 | RD4-score3-2=7 | RD4-score3-3=15 | RD4-seed4= | RD4-team4=ENG Wood | RD4-score4-1=9 | RD4-score4-2=15 | RD4-score4-3=10
| RD5-seed1= | RD5-team1=ENG Marrett | RD5-score1-1=15 | RD5-score1-2=15 | RD5-score1-3= | RD5-seed2= | RD5-team2= ENG Watling | RD5-score2-1=6 | RD5-score2-2=2 | RD5-score2-3=
Women's singles
| RD1-seed1= | RD1-team1=ENG Meriel Lucas | RD1-score1-1=15 | RD1-score1-2=15 | RD1-score1-3= | RD1-team2=ENG Mrs F. H. White | RD1-score2-1=1 | RD1-score2-2=0 | RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3= | RD1-team3=ENG Ethel Thomson | RD1-score3-1=15 | RD1-score3-2=15 | RD1-score3-3= | RD1-team4=ENG Miss S. A. Graham | RD1-score4-1=1 | RD1-score4-2=0 | RD1-score4-3=
| RD1-seed5= | RD1-team5=ENG Mabel Hardy | RD1-score5-1=15 | RD1-score5-2=15 | RD1-score5-3= | RD1-team6=ENG Ruth Watling | RD1-score6-1=1 | RD1-score6-2=1 | RD1-score6-3=
| RD1-seed7= | RD1-team7=ENG Miss G. L. Murray | RD1-score7-1=18 | RD1-score7-2=15 | RD1-score7-3= | RD1-team8=ENG Miss M. E. Brown | RD1-score8-1=15 | RD1-score8-2=1 | RD1-score8-3=
| RD2-seed1= | RD2-team1=ENG Lucas | RD2-score1-1=12 | RD2-score1-2=18 | RD2-score1-3=15 | RD2-seed2= | RD2-team2=ENG Thomson | RD2-score2-1=15 | RD2-score2-2=16 | RD2-score2-3=8
| RD2-seed3= | RD2-team3=ENG Hardy | RD2-score3-1=15 | RD2-score3-2=15 | RD2-score3-3= | RD2-seed4= | RD2-team4=ENG Murray | RD2-score4-1=12 | RD2-score4-2=3 | RD2-score4-3=
| RD3-seed1= | RD3-team1=ENG Lucas | RD3-score1-1=9 | RD3-score1-2=15 | RD3-score1-3=15 | RD3-seed2= | RD3-team2=ENG Hardy | RD3-score2-1=15 | RD3-score2-2=6 | RD3-score2-3=9
Men's doubles
| RD1-seed1= | RD1-team1=ENG Stewart Massey & C. T. J. Barnes | RD1-score1-1=15 | RD1-score1-2=15 | RD1-score1-3= | RD1-seed2= | RD1-team2=ENG Ralph Watling & George Thomas | RD1-score2-1=3 | RD1-score2-2=5 | RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3= | RD1-team3=ENG J.H. Colin Prior & SCO H. J. H. Inglis | RD1-score3-1=18 | RD1-score3-2=15 | RD1-score3-3= | RD1-seed4= | RD1-team4=ENG Frank Abatt & E. P. Harrison | RD1-score4-1=17 | RD1-score4-2=9 | RD1-score4-3=
| RD1-seed5= | RD1-team5=ENG R. Franck & G. D. Wright | RD1-score5-1= | RD1-score5-2= | RD1-score5-3= | RD1-seed6= | RD1-team6=bye | RD1-score6-1= | RD1-score6-2= | RD1-score6-3=
| RD1-seed7= | RD1-team7=SCO Thomas L. Adam & G. T. Crombie | RD1-score7-1= | RD1-score7-2= | RD1-score7-3= | RD1-seed8= | RD1-team8=bye | RD1-score8-1= | RD1-score8-2= | RD1-score8-3=
| RD1-seed09= | RD1-team09=ENG Albert Prebble & Henry Marrett | RD1-score09-1=15 | RD1-score09-2=15 | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-seed10= | RD1-team10=ENG J. R. Fraser & T. H. E. Bird | RD1-score10-1=5 | RD1-score10-2=4 | RD1-score10-3=
| RD1-seed11= | RD1-team11=ENG C. Collingwood & W. L. G. Heelas | RD1-score11-1=15 | RD1-score11-2=15 | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-seed12= | RD1-team12=ENG William Clark Player & H. C. Fanshawe | RD1-score12-1=4 | RD1-score12-2=4 | RD1-score12-3=
| RD1-seed13= | RD1-team13=ENG Percy Buckley & Norman Wood | RD1-score13-1=15 | RD1-score13-2=15 | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-seed14= | RD1-team14=ENG H. R. Blaker & A. R. Brakspear | RD1-score14-1=0 | RD1-score14-2=0 | RD1-score14-3=
| RD1-seed15= | RD1-team15=ENG Leonard Ransford & Robert Ransford | RD1-score15-1=15 | RD1-score15-2=17 | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-seed16= | RD1-team16=ENG P. Boyd & Edward Hawthorn | RD1-score16-1=2 | RD1-score16-2=15 | RD1-score16-3=
| RD2-seed1= | RD2-team1=ENG Massey & Barnes | RD2-score1-1=15 | RD2-score1-2=15 | RD2-score1-3= | RD2-seed2= | RD2-team2=ENG Prior & SCO Inglis | RD2-score2-1=10 | RD2-score2-2=3 | RD2-score2-3=
| RD2-seed3= | RD2-team3=ENG Franck & Wright | RD2-score3-1=w/o | RD2-score3-2= | RD2-score3-3= | RD2-seed4= | RD2-team4=SCO Adam & Crombie | RD2-score4-1=ret | RD2-score4-2= | RD2-score4-3=
| RD2-seed5= | RD2-team5=ENG Prebble & Marrett | RD2-score5-1=15 | RD2-score5-2=18 | RD2-score5-3= | RD2-seed6= | RD2-team6=ENG Collingwood & Heelas | RD2-score6-1=5 | RD2-score6-2=4 | RD2-score6-3=
| RD2-seed7= | RD2-team7=ENG Buckley & Wood | RD2-score7-1=15 | RD2-score7-2=13 | RD2-score7-3=15 | RD2-seed8= | RD2-team8=ENG Ransford & Ransford | RD2-score8-1=10 | RD2-score8-2=15 | RD2-score8-3=12
| RD3-seed1= | RD3-team1=ENG Massey & Barnes | RD3-score1-1=15 | RD3-score1-2=18 | RD3-score1-3= | RD3-seed2= | RD3-team2=ENG Franck & Wright | RD3-score2-1=7 | RD3-score2-2=0 | RD3-score2-3=
| RD3-seed3= | RD3-team3=ENG Prebble & Marrett | RD3-score3-1=15 | RD3-score3-2=15 | RD3-score3-3= | RD3-seed4= | RD3-team4=ENG Buckley & Wood | RD3-score4-1=3 | RD3-score4-2=4 | RD3-score4-3=
| RD4-seed1= | RD4-team1=ENG Massey & Barnes | RD4-score1-1=13 | RD4-score1-2=15 | RD4-score1-3=15 | RD4-seed2= | RD4-team2= ENG Prebble & Marrett | RD4-score2-1=15 | RD4-score2-2=11 | RD4-score2-3=10
Women's doubles
| RD1-seed1= | RD1-team1=ENG Ethel Thomson & Meriel Lucas | RD1-score1-1=15 | RD1-score1-2=15 | RD1-score1-3= | RD1-team2=ENG Ruth Watling & Miss S. A. Graham | RD1-score2-1=2 | RD1-score2-2=3 | RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3= | RD1-team3=ENG Miss C. Orr & Florence Lannowe | RD1-score3-1=15 | RD1-score3-2=15 | RD1-score3-3= | RD1-team4=ENG Mrs F. H. White & Miss M. E. Brown | RD1-score4-1=9 | RD1-score4-2=4 | RD1-score4-3=
| RD1-seed5= | RD1-team5=ENG Mabel Hardy & Dora Harvey | RD1-score5-1=15 | RD1-score5-2=15 | RD1-score5-3= | RD1-team6=ENG Muriel Bateman & Miss M. Drake | RD1-score6-1=3 | RD1-score6-2=3 | RD1-score6-3=
| RD1-seed7= | RD1-team7=ENG Hazel Hogarth & Miss G. L. Murray | RD1-score7-1=15 | RD1-score7-2=10 | RD1-score7-3=18 | RD1-team8=ENG Dorothy Cundall & Alice Gowenlock | RD1-score8-1=5 | RD1-score8-2=15 | RD1-score8-3=13
| RD2-seed1= | RD2-team1=ENG Lucas & Thomson | RD2-score1-1=15 | RD2-score1-2=15 | RD2-score1-3= | RD2-seed2= | RD2-team2=ENG Orr & Lannowe | RD2-score2-1=1 | RD2-score2-2=5 | RD2-score2-3=
| RD2-seed3= | RD2-team3=ENG Hardy & Harvey | RD2-score3-1=15 | RD2-score3-2=15 | RD2-score3-3=15 | RD2-seed4= | RD2-team4=ENG Hogarth & Murray | RD2-score4-1=18 | RD2-score4-2=12 | RD2-score4-3=9
| RD3-seed1= | RD3-team1=ENG Lucas & Thomson | RD3-score1-1=15 | RD3-score1-2=15 | RD3-score1-3= | RD3-seed2= | RD3-team2=ENG Hardy & Harvey | RD3-score2-1=3 | RD3-score2-2=6 | RD3-score2-3=
Mixed doubles
| RD1-seed1= | RD1-team1=ENG Henry Marrett & Hazel Hogarth | RD1-score1-1=15 | RD1-score1-2=15 | RD1-score1-3= | RD1-seed2= | RD1-team2=ENG H. C. Fanshawe & Dorothy Cundall | RD1-score2-1=3 | RD1-score2-2=3 | RD1-score2-3=
| RD1-seed3= | RD1-team3=ENG Albert Prebble & Dora Harvey | RD1-score3-1=15 | RD1-score3-2=5 | RD1-score3-3=15 | RD1-seed4= | RD1-team4=ENG T. R. Fraser & Miss G. L. Murray | RD1-score4-1=9 | RD1-score4-2=15 | RD1-score4-3=5
| RD1-seed5= | RD1-team5=ENG J.H. Colin Prior & Miss M. Waller | RD1-score5-1= | RD1-score5-2= | RD1-score5-3= | RD1-seed6= | RD1-team6=bye | RD1-score6-1= | RD1-score6-2= | RD1-score6-3=
| RD1-seed7= | RD1-team7=ENG Norman Wood & Miss E. C. Davenport | RD1-score7-1= | RD1-score7-2= | RD1-score7-3= | RD1-seed8= | RD1-team8=bye | RD1-score8-1= | RD1-score8-2= | RD1-score8-3=
| RD1-seed09= | RD1-team09=ENG George Thomas & Ethel Thomson | RD1-score09-1=15 | RD1-score09-2=15 | RD1-score09-3= | RD1-seed10= | RD1-team10=ENG T. H. E. Bird & Miss Brooks | RD1-score10-1=6 | RD1-score10-2=3 | RD1-score10-3=
| RD1-seed11= | RD1-team11=ENG Stewart Massey & Muriel Bateman | RD1-score11-1=15 | RD1-score11-2=15 | RD1-score11-3= | RD1-seed12= | RD1-team12=ENG William Clark Player & Miss M. E. Brown | RD1-score12-1=3 | RD1-score12-2=10 | RD1-score12-3=
| RD1-seed13= | RD1-team13=ENG Ralph Watling & Meriel Lucas | RD1-score13-1= | RD1-score13-2= | RD1-score13-3= | RD1-seed14= | RD1-team14=bye | RD1-score14-1= | RD1-score14-2= | RD1-score14-3=
| RD1-seed15= | RD1-team15=ENG Leonard Ransford & Mabel Hardy | RD1-score15-1= | RD1-score15-2= | RD1-score15-3= | RD1-seed16= | RD1-team16=bye | RD1-score16-1= | RD1-score16-2= | RD1-score16-3=
| RD2-seed1= | RD2-team1=ENG Marrett & Hogarth | RD2-score1-1=15 | RD2-score1-2=15 | RD2-score1-3= | RD2-seed2= | RD2-team2=ENG Prebble & Harvey | RD2-score2-1=4 | RD2-score2-2=9 | RD2-score2-3=
| RD2-seed3= | RD2-team3=ENG Prior & Waller | RD2-score3-1=15 | RD2-score3-2=12 | RD2-score3-3=15 | RD2-seed4= | RD2-team4=ENG Wood & Davenport | RD2-score4-1=9 | RD2-score4-2=15 | RD2-score4-3=11
| RD2-seed5= | RD2-team5=ENG Thomas & Thomson | RD2-score5-1=15 | RD2-score5-2=18 | RD2-score5-3= | RD2-seed6= | RD2-team6=ENG Massey & Bateman | RD2-score6-1=8 | RD2-score6-2=15 | RD2-score6-3=
| RD2-seed7= | RD2-team7=ENG Watling & Lucas | RD2-score7-1=15 | RD2-score7-2=15 | RD2-score7-3= | RD2-seed8= | RD2-team8=ENG Ransford & Hardy | RD2-score8-1=10 | RD2-score8-2=8 | RD2-score8-3=
| RD3-seed1= | RD3-team1=ENG Marrett & Hogarth | RD3-score1-1=15 | RD3-score1-2=18 | RD3-score1-3= | RD3-seed2= | RD3-team2=ENG Prior & Waller | RD3-score2-1=1 | RD3-score2-2=8 | RD3-score2-3=
| RD3-seed3= | RD3-team3=ENG Thomas & Thomson | RD3-score3-1=15 | RD3-score3-2=15 | RD3-score3-3= | RD3-seed4= | RD3-team4=ENG Watling & Lucas | RD3-score4-1=4 | RD3-score4-2=12 | RD3-score4-3=
| RD4-seed1= | RD4-team1=ENG Marrett & Hogarth | RD4-score1-1=15 | RD4-score1-2=15 | RD4-score1-3= | RD4-seed2= | RD4-team2= ENG Thomas & Thomson | RD4-score2-1=8 | RD4-score2-2=2 | RD4-score2-3=
References
References
- ""Sports in Brief." Times, 4 Mar. 1905, p. 11". Times Digital Archive.
- ""Badminton." Times, 6 Mar. 1905, p. 7". Times Digital Archive.
- (4 March 1905). "Badminton Association Open Tournament". Field.
- (11 March 1905). "Badminton Association Open Tournament". Field.
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