1875 Atlantic hurricane season

Timeline

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Systems

Hurricane One

|1-min winds=70 The first known storm of the season was initially observed by the schooner J. W. Coffin on August 16, with the hurricane situated about 255 mi northeast of Little Abaco Island in the Bahamas. Due to sparsity of data, HURDAT indicates that the cyclone maintained intensity as an 80 mph (130 km/h) Category 1 hurricane on the modern day Saffir–Simpson scale, as it tracked north-northeastward to northeastward. The hurricane was last noted offshore Nova Scotia by the bark Electra late on August 19.

Hurricane Two

|1-min winds=70 A tropical storm developed about 820 mi west-southwest of the Cabo Verde Islands early on September 1. On September 3, the Spanish brig Engracia became the first ship to encounter the storm. That day, the cyclone intensified into a Category 1 hurricane while moving northwestward. The hurricane peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph. Early on September 6, the steamship Caribbean observed a barometric pressure of 982 mbar, the lowest in relation to the storm. On September 7, the cyclone began moving northward and then northeastward later that day. The storm was last noted by the Knoch Train late on September 10, about 450 mi east of Newfoundland.

Hurricane Three

|1-min winds=100 Main article: 1875 Indianola hurricane

The storm was first observed on September 1 to the southwest of Cabo Verde by the ship Tautallon Castle. However, HURDAT does not indicate a tropical cyclone until the system was situated east of Barbados on September 8. The hurricane moved westward and passed between Martinique and St. Lucia on the following day. The hurricane slowly deepened in the Caribbean Sea while gradually curving northwestward. Late on September 12 and early on September 13, the cyclone brushed the Tiburon Peninsula of Haiti. On September 13, the storm made a few landfalls on the southern coast of Cuba before moving inland over Sancti Spíritus Province. The system emerged into the Gulf of Mexico near Havana and briefly weakened to a tropical storm. Thereafter, the storm slowly re-intensified and gradually turned westward. At 12:00 UTC on September 16, the hurricane became a Category 3 hurricane with winds peaking at 115 mph (185 km/h), based on land observations. The minimum barometric pressure was 955 mbar, based on the pressure–wind relationship developed by National Hurricane Center meteorologist Dan Brown in 2006. Seven hours later, the hurricane made landfall near Indianola, Texas. The storm quickly weakened and turned northeastward, before dissipating over Mississippi on September 18.

The hurricane brought heavy rainfall to several islands of the Lesser Antilles, especially Saint Vincent. Flooding and landslides caused severe damage to crops and roads. Most streets of Kingstown were inundated with 3 ft of water, while two bridges and several homes were swept away. Outside the capital city, water swept away more than 30 homes in total from Hopewell and Mesopotamia. Four people drowned in the latter, with five other fatalities in Queensbury. In Martinique, 20 deaths occurred after the ship Codfish sank in the harbor. Navassa Island experienced strong winds, heavy rainfall, and waves that topped the 75 ft cliffs. Many trees were downed and several homes were destroyed. Strong winds and above normal tides in Cuba left damage across the island, especially in Júcaro and Santa Cruz del Sur. In Texas, Old Velasco was completely leveled, while the town of Indianola was nearly destroyed. Three-quarters of the buildings in Indianola were washed away and the remaining structures were in a state of ruin, with only eight buildings left undamaged. Approximately 270 people were killed in Indianola. The town was again almost completely destroyed by another hurricane in 1886 and subsequently abandoned. Four people drowned after the two lighthouses at Pass Cavallo were swept away. At Galveston, several houses and a railroad bridge were destroyed, and a ship, the Beardstown sunk in Galveston Bay. The town suffered about $4 million in damage and 30 deaths. Overall, the hurricane left an estimated 800 deaths.

Tropical Storm Four

|1-min winds=50 A tropical storm formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico on September 24. After initially moving northwestward, the storm curved east-northeastward by the following day. The cyclone peaked with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), and due to lack of data, was believed to have maintained this intensity until making landfall near modern-day Panama City, Florida at 13:00 UTC on September 27. By early September 28, the storm weakened to a tropical depression and soon dissipated near the Florida–Georgia state line. Several locations along the Gulf Coast of the United States reported heavy rainfall, with 6 in and 3 in of precipitation observed in Mobile and New Orleans, respectively. Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth suggested the removal of this storm from HURDAT in a 2014 study, noting "No evidence in land-based reports or from ships".

Hurricane Five

|1-min winds=90 The schooner Pilot's Pride first encountered this hurricane northeast of the Bahamas on October 7. The system moved just west of due north and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on the following day. Based on ship reports, the hurricane is estimated to have peaked with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). The bark Marie was damaged by the storm on October 8 and returned to port for repairs. Early on October 9, the cyclone curved northeastward and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane. The storm was last noted to the southeast of Sable Island late on October 10.

Hurricane Six

|1-min winds=70

The final known tropical cyclone of the season was first encountered by the schooner Lillie Taylor early on October 12, about 150 mi northeast of the Abaco Islands. Moving slowly northward to north-northeastward, the storm slowly strengthened, reaching hurricane intensity on October 14. The system peaked with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), based on observations from the ship E.E. Ruckett. The cyclone weakened to a tropical storm early on October 15 and began accelerating northeastward. Early October 16, the storm made landfall near Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h), shortly before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone. Several locations along the East Coast of the United States reported heavy rainfall. Chenoweth argued that evidence supports this system being an extratropical low, while a cold core high pressure-area moved over the Southeastern United States by October 12.

References

References

1. Christopher W. Landsea. (2004). "Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present and Future". Columbia University Press.
2. (April 2017). "Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT". [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]].
3. Christopher W. Landsea. "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
4. David M. Roth. (January 17, 2010). "Texas Hurricane History". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
5. (November 6, 1875). "A Hurricane". [[Chicago Tribune]].
6. (October 18, 1875). "Forwards report of a 'severe storm' [hurricane?] on 9 September 1875". [[The National Archives (United Kingdom).
7. (1876). "Annual Report of the Secretary of War". [[National Weather Service.
8. Helen B. Frantz. (June 15, 2010). "Indianola Hurricanes". [[Texas State Historical Association]].
9. (September 24, 1875). "The Gulf Cyclone". [[Chicago Inter Ocean]].
10. (September 25, 1875). "Galveston". [[Pittsburgh Commercial]].
11. (May 28, 1995). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". [[National Hurricane Center]].
12. Chenoweth, Michael. (December 2014). "A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98". [[American Meteorological Society]].