1854 Atlantic hurricane season

Timeline

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Systems

Hurricane One

| 1-min winds = 70

A tropical storm was first observed in the Gulf of Mexico on June 25, while located about 240 mi south-southwest of Marsh Island, Louisiana. It headed westward and strengthened into a hurricane about 12 hours later. Peaking with maximum sustained winds 80 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 982 mbar, the storm maintained this intensity until making landfall in South Padre Island, Texas, at 1200 UTC on June 26. It quickly weakened inland and fell to tropical storm strength about six hours later. The system continued in a west-northwestward direction over northern Mexico, until dissipating in a rural area of Coahuila on June 27.

This system brought near tropical storm-force winds to Texas as far north as Galveston. Brazos Island experienced the brunt of this storm, where winds blew a "perfect hurricane". Many buildings in the area lost their roofs or were moved by the winds. Additionally, a cistern at the Quartermaster's Department was destroyed. The coast of Texas was also impacted by storm surge, with several bath houses washed away at Lavaca. Precipitation in the region was generally light, peaking at 6.63 in at Fort Ringgold, which is near modern-day Rio Grande City. As of 2024, it is one of only 20 hurricanes to make a landfall in the Contiguous United States during the month of June.

Tropical Storm Two

| 1-min winds = 60

The ships Highflyer and Osceola encountered a "very violent" gale on August 23, while located at 33.0°N, 55.0°W, which is about 565 mi east-northeast of Bermuda. A sustained wind speed of 70 mph was recorded, indicative of a strong tropical storm. No further information is available of this storm. However, the barque Pilgrim experienced a severe gale on August 29, which may have been the extratropical remnants of this system.

Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth noted in a reanalysis study, published in 2014, that this system should be removed from HURDAT due to "Insufficient supporting evidence from other neighboring data sources".

Hurricane Three

| 1-min winds = 110

** The Coastal Hurricane of 1854** or The South Carolina Hurricane of 1854 closely duplicated the path of the famous 1804 Antigua–Charleston hurricane. The brig Reindeer sighted a hurricane about 25 mi east of Hope Town in the Bahamas on September 7. With winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 938 mbar, this was the strongest tropical cyclone of the season. It moved northwestward and weakened slightly on September 8. Later that day at 2000 UTC, the hurricane made landfall near St. Catherines Island, Georgia with winds of 115 mph. Early on September 9, it weakened to a Category 1 hurricane, then a tropical storm several hours later. Thereafter, the storm accelerated northeastward and re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Virginia Beach, Virginia, on September 10. The system re-strengthened, becoming a hurricane again on September 11. It eventually began to weaken again while moving rapidly eastward and was last noted about 515 mi southeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.

Gales were reported in Florida, including as far south as St. Augustine. In Georgia, the entire coast suffered significant impacts, with damage more severe from St. Simons northward. About 110 acres of rice crops were destroyed, equivalent to a loss of approximately 6,000 bushels. Between Savannah, Georgia, and Charleston, South Carolina, "extraordinary tides" were reported. Hutchinson Island, Georgia, was completely submerged, while there was significant inundation in eastern Savannah. Storm surge also brought coastal flooding to much of South Carolina, from Beaufort to Georgetown. Wind damage in that area was mainly confined to downed trees. However, in Charleston, South Carolina, a two-story wooden building was destroyed and there was slight to moderate damage to other structures, limited to roofs and the destruction of fences. This hurricane compared similarly to hurricanes that struck Charleston in 1752, 1783, 1804, 1811, and 1822 in terms of flooding and strength. Throughout the United States, this storm resulted in at least 26 fatalities.

Hurricane Four

| 1-min winds = 90

The Matagorda Hurricane of 1854

Reports first indicated a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico on September 18, while centered about 110 mi south-southwest of Cameron, Louisiana. The storm drifted west-northwestward with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane. The lowest barometric pressure estimate was 965 mbar. At 2100 UTC on September 18, the storm made landfall near Freeport, Texas, at the same intensity. It weakened to a Category 1 hurricane early on the following day. The system further weakened to a tropical storm at 1200 UTC on September 19. Re-curving northeastward, the storm persisted until dissipating over eastern Texas on September 20.

The steamship Louisiana reported that a gale struck Matagorda, Texas, with "unparalleled fury", with nearly all buildings and vessels in the area destroyed. Several vessels also capsized near Galveston, including the Nick Hill and Kate Ward. Within the city of Galveston, merchants, businesses, and houses suffered significant water damage due to an 8 ft storm surge. Cotton and sugar cane crops throughout the area were ruined. The storm caused at least four deaths, with several more occurring later due to a yellow fever outbreak. Damage in the region totaled approximately $20,000.

Tropical Storm Five

| 1-min winds = 60

The barque Southerney observed a tropical storm on October 20, while located about 460 mi north-northwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico. The storm strengthened slowly while heading northward, until peaking with winds of 70 mph on October 21. The storm then began to re-curve northeastward. Early on October 22, it passed near Bermuda, though no impact was reported on the island. Several hours later, this system was last noted about 365 mi east-northeast of Bermuda.

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 1854 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration (within the basin), names, areas affected, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1854 USD.

Notes

References

;General

References

1. [[#Fernández-Partagás. Fernández-Partagás (1995)]], p. 31.
2. (2013). "Chronological List of All Hurricanes: 1851 – 2012". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
3. David M. Roth. (January 17, 2010). "Texas Hurricane History". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
4. [[#Fernández-Partagás. Fernández-Partagás (1995)]], p. 27.
5. "1854 Storm 2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
6. Chenoweth, Michael. (December 2014). "A New Compilation of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1851–98". [[American Meteorological Society]].
7. (May 2003). "Chronological Listing of Tropical Cyclones affecting North Florida and Coastal Georgia 1565-1899". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
8. [[#Ludlum. Ludlum (1963)]], p. 99.
9. Douglas Owen Mayes. (1999). "A Reanalysis Of Five 19th Century South Carolina Major Hurricanes Using Local Data Sources". [[Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory]].
10. (April 22, 1997). "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – Present". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
11. [[#Fernández-Partagás. Fernández-Partagás (1995)]], p. 29.
12. [[#Ludlum. Ludlum (1963)]], p. 161-163.