1191 papal election

Death of Clement III

King Henry crossed into Italy in mid-winter, and was in Bologna by 11 February 1191; on 22 February he was at Lucca, and on the 26th at Pisa. He had sent representatives (nuntios) to Pope Clement, and to the cardinals and the senators of Rome, requesting his coronation and promising that he would in all matters preserve unharmed the laws and dignities of the Roman people. Henry intended to march into south Italy and claim the kingdom of William II of Sicily for his wife and himself, and, since the kingdom of Sicily was a papal fief, Henry needed the active cooperation of the pope.

In March 1191, Henry and his army were in Tuscany. Two cardinals had been sent by the pope to negotiate with him, Petrus Gallocia the Bishop of Porto and Petrus the Cardinal priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli. Before he died, Clement had agreed to the demand of Henry VI for an imperial coronation in Rome at Easter. The Roman leaders were not impressed by Clement's promises, since he had promised them at the beginning of his reign that he would hand over Tusculum to them, and had yet to do so.

Clement's latest known dated bull was signed on 20 March 1191.

Pope Clement III died on 20 March 1191.

Cardinals

The sources do not mention any of the cardinals who elected Cardinal Giacinto of S. Maria in Cosmedin. A list must be constructed by deduction and inference. The cardinals who subscribed documents for Clement III is far smaller than the total number of cardinals alive at his death.

New cardinals

Pope Clement III (1187–1191) had appointed 25 or 26 cardinals:

• Joannes of San Clemente, Bishop of Viterbo and Tuscanella.
• Aegidius Pierleoni of S. Nicola in Carcere.
• Bobo of San Giorgio in Velabro (died 1189)
• Cinthius of S. Lorenzo in Lucina
• Gregorius of S. Angelo in Pescheria
• Gregorius de Caballo of Santa Maria in Aquiro.
• Guido de Papa, cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere.
• Hugo Pirovano (or Bobone) of S. Silvestro e Martino.
• Joannes Felix of Sant'Eustachio
• Joannes de Malabranca of S. Teodoro.
• Petrus Gallocia of Porto.
• Lothar di Segni of Ss. Sergio e Baccho.
• Gregorius de Monte Carello of S. Giorgio in Velabro
• Alexius de Arcipetris of Santa Susanna (1188–1189; died under Clement III).
• Jordanus de Ceccano of Santa Pudenziana.
• Joannes de Salerno of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio
• Goffredus (Roffredo) de Insula of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro, Abbot of Montecassino (1188–1210).
• Rufinus of Santa Prassede, Bishop of Rimini.
• Barnardus of S. Maria Nuova
• Gregorius de S. Apostolo of S. Maria in Porticu.
• Petrus of S. Clemente (died under Clement III).
• Petrus of San Lorenzo in Damaso (died under Clement III ?).
• Niccolò Scolari, cardinal deacon of Santa Lucia in Selci.
• Romanus, cardinal deacon. At least 18 of Pope Clement's appointees were Italians, and 11 of the appointees were native Romans.

Likely attendees

A beginning on the list of cardinals who may have attended the election of March or April 1191, in addition to some or all of the new cardinals, may be derived from a privilege granted by Pope Clement III to the monastery of Compiègne on 17 February 1191, about five weeks before his death. Eighteen cardinals who subscribed the document were:

• Octavianus, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri.
• Joannes Anagninus (Giovanni dei Conti di Anagni), Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina.
• Pandolfo da Lucca, Cardinal Priest of XII Santi Apostoli.
• Petrus, Cardinal Priest of Sancti Petri ad Vincula, tituli Eudoxie.
• Aegidius Pierleoni (Egidio di Anagni), Cardinal Deacon of San Nicola in Carcere Tulliano.
• Cinthius, Cardinal Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina
• Gregorius, Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria.
• Guido de Papa, cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, tituli Calixti.
• Hugo Pirovano (or Bobone), Cardinal Priest of S. Silvestro e Martino, tituli Equitii.
• Johannes Felix, Cardinal Priest of Santa Susanna, Rome.
• Pietro Gallocia, Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.
• Lothar di Segni, Cardinal Deacon of Santi Sergio e Bacco.
• Gregorius de Monte Carello, Cardinal Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro.
• Joannes de Salerno, Cardinal Priest of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio.
• Rufinus, Cardinal Priest of Santa Prassede, Bishop of Rimini.
• Barnardus, Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria Nuova.
• Niccolò Scolari, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Lucia in Selci.
• Romanus, Cardinal Priest of Sant'Anastasia al Palatino.

In addition,

• Albinus, Bishop of Albano, Vicar of Rome.
• Jacintus, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin.
• Gerardus Allucingoli, Cardinal Deacon of Sant'Adriano al Foro.
• Gratianus de Pisa, Cardinal deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano.
• Soffredus, Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Via Lata.

Cardinals not attending

• ? Conrad of Wittelsbach, Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Mainz.
• Guillaume aux Blanches Mains, Archbishop of Reims, papal legate, uncle and principal advisor of King Philip II of France
• Rogerius, OSB Cas., Cardinal Priest of Sant'Eusebio. Archbishop of Benevento (1179–1221).
• Adelardus Cattaneus, Cardinal Priest of S. Marcello. In August 1190, Adelardus was papal legate in the Holy Land. On 16 July 1191, he and other bishops consecrated the church at Akko.
• Petrus Dianus, Cardinal-priest of S. Cecilia, was papal legate in Lombardy until June 1193.
• Goffredus (Roffredo) de Insula of Ss. Marcellino e Pietro, Abbot of Montecassino (1188–1210).
• Melior of Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, Bishop of Massa Maritima.

Election

Ralph of Diceto, Dean of London, indicates that there was dissension among the cardinals: The fear was that it might lead to schism among them, and it was only with that consideration that the senior cardinal deacon, Iacintus, agreed to his election to the papal throne. The disagreement was undoubtedly over the agreement made by Henry VI and Clement III, that Tusculum would be handed over to the Romans, an abandonment of longstanding papal policy fortified by treaty. The Continuator of Sigebert of Gembloux remarks on both the dissension and the duplicity among the Romans and the cardinals.

Cardinal Iacintus took the name Celestine III.

When Pope Celestine saw King Henry approaching, he put off his own consecration in order to postpone Henry's.

After the election, and before King Henry could draw near Rome, the Roman leaders petitioned Pope Celestine not to anoint and crown Henry emperor until the Pope should obtain agreement from him that the city of Tusculum would be turned over to them. The city had been placed in Pope Clement's custody, but the Tusculans had turned to the king and invoked his patrocinia. The Romans vigorously pressed (instantissime proponentes) on the pope that this was the way to get Tusculum into Roman hands, as the previous agreement had specified. Celestine agreed to their proposal. He immediately sent negotiators (nuntios) to the king, who firmly proposed to him that, in the light of the previous agreement between the pope and the Romans (at the beginning of Clement's reign), it was necessary for Tusculum to be handed over to the pope by the king.

On Holy Saturday, 13 April, Celestine III was proceeding from the Lateran palace to St. Peter's, where he would be consecrated the next day. He came face to face with King Henry and Queen Constanza and an armed group of people. The Romans had closed the gates of the city and were heavily guarding them, keeping the imperial party from entering.

Celestine III (Giacinto Bobone) was ordained a priest on Holy Saturday, 13 April 1191; he was consecrated a bishop and enthroned on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1191. His consecrator was Cardinal Octavianus de Poli, Bishop of Ostia.

Thanks to the pact made between Henry VI and Celestine III, the city of Tusculum was attacked by the Romans, and completely destroyed on 17 April 1191.

References

Sources

• Baaken, Katrin (1985). "Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III.," In: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 41 (1985), 203-211.
• Ganzer, Klaus (1963). Die Entwicklung des auswärtigen Kardinalats im hohen Mittelalter. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kardinalkollegiums vom 11.bis 13. Jahrhundert. Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom . Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
• Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896). The History of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. IV, part 2. London: George Bell 1896.
• Kartusch, Elfriede (1948). Das Kardinalskollegium in der Zeit von 1181–1227. Wien: Max Niemeyer.

References

1. Jaffé, p. 576. Capitani says cautiously, "tra il 20 marzo e il 10 aprile del 1191".
2. J. F. Böhmer, ''Die Urkunden der Römische Könige und Kaiser von Conrad I. bis Heinrich VII.'' (Frankfurt am Main: F.Varrentrapp 1831), pp. 147-148. Gregorovius IV. 2, pp. 624-626.
3. The two Petrus witnessed an imperial charter in Castro S. Quirico, south of Siena, on 8 March 1191: Kartusch, p. 324, 344.
4. Roger de Hoveden, in: Watterich II, p. 707: "concessit regi Alemannorum quod petebat, salvis dignitatibus et consuetudinibus Romanorum. et statuerunt ei terminum veniendi Romam proximum pascha sequens."
5. Watterich II, p. 707, citing Roger de Hoveden.
6. Walther Holtzmann (editor), ''Papsturkunden in England'' Vol. I (Göttingen 1931) [Abhandlungen N.F. 25, no. 2], pp. 566-567, no. 272.
7. "Annales Ratisponensis", in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica''. [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20vs/201_MGH/1925-1933,_MGH,_1_Scriptores._SS_17._Annales_Aevi_Suevici,_LT.pdf Scriptorum Tomus XVII] (Hannover: Hahn 1861), p. 590: "Anno Domini 1191, 13 Kal. Aprilis Clemens papa hominem deposuit. Cui altera die, id est 12 Kal. Aprilis sive in die Sancti Benedicti [21 March], Iacintus qui dictus est Celestinus III. successit." Watterich II, p. 707, note 4, explicitly states his agreement with the date.
8. Kartusch, pp. 46-47.
9. Joannes was a jurist. Kartusch, pp. 229-231. Ganzer, pp. 145-146.
10. Kartusch, pp. 74-75.
11. Kartusch, pp. 104-105
12. Kartusch, pp. 112-117.
13. Gregory was the nephew of Celestine III. Kartusch, pp. 154-158.
14. Gregorius de Crescentio Caballi Marmorei. Kartusch, pp. 163-167.
15. Guido was originally Cardinal Deacon S.R.E., but in February 1191 he was cardinal of S. Maria Transtiberim. Kartusch, p. 177-182.
16. Hugo was a native of Milan. Kartusch, pp. 199-202.
17. Kartusch, pp. 344-346.
18. Gregorius was the son of the Count of Monte Carello. Kartusch, pp. 172-174.
19. Kartusch, pp. 84-86.
20. Volkert Pfaff (1979), [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giordano-da-ceccano_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ "Giordano da Ceccano"], ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' 23 (1979). Retrieved: 30 December 2021.
21. Goffredus (Roffredus) does not subscribe at all for Pope Clement III, or for Pope Celestine III: Jaffé II, p. 535-536; 577. Kartusch, pp. 146-151. Ganzer, pp. 141-144.
22. Rufinus died before 23 March 1192. Kartusch, pp. 392-393. Ganzer, pp. 146-147.
23. Kartusch, pp. 95-99.
24. Kartusch, pp. 159-163.
25. Kartusch, pp. 320-321.
26. Kartusch, pp. 323-324.
27. He is probably the Cardinal priest of S. Anastasia. Kartusch, pp. 384-385.
28. Jaffé, p. 576, no. 16671. E. Morel (editor), ''Cartulaire de l' Abbaye de Saint-Corneille de Compiègne'' Tome I (Montdidier : J. Bellin 1904), CXCII, pp. 291-294.
29. Giovanni dei Conti di Segni had been Cardinal Priest of [[San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome. S. Marco]] (1167-1190).
30. Pandulfus Masca, a native of Lucca or Pisa. Kartusch, pp. 307-310.
31. Cardinal Petrus and Cardinal Petrus Gallocia of Porto were with King Henry at Castro S. Quirici, near Siena, on 8 March 1191, negotiating with Henry about the fate of Tusculum. He may not have been at the election later in the month: Ina Friedlaender, Die päpstlichen Legaten in Deutschland und Italien am Ende des XII. Jahrhunderts (1181-1198) (Berlin 1928), pp. 72-73. Kartusch, pp. 324-325.
32. Ganzer, pp. 146-147.
33. Kartusch, pp. 384-385.
34. Kartusch, pp. 79-82.
35. Kartusch, pp. 215-220.
36. Gerardus was a native of Lucca. Kartusch, pp. 138-142.
37. W. Maleczek (1984), ''Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216'', (Wien 1984), pp. 71-73. Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri, [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/graziano-da-pisa_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ "Graziano da Pisa,"] ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' 59 (2002). Retrieved: 30 December 2021.
38. Julius von Pflugk-Harttung. (1886). "Acta ponticum romanorum inedita". Kohlhammer.
39. Cardinal Konrad did not subscribe documents at all for Pope Clement III (1187–1191), or for Pope Celestine III (from 1191–1197). Jaffé, pp. 535-536; 577. He was in Mainz on 1 March 1190, at the imperial diet, where King Henry VI granted him the right to coin money (T. Toeche, ''Kaiser Heinrich VI'' (Leipzig 1867), p. 645, no. 72). Henry sent him to southern Italy after Easter, 1 April 1190 to investigate the position of King Tancred; he had returned to Germany ("Annales Colonenses", in: ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores'' Vol. 17, p. 798: "rex [Henricus] Moguntinum archiepiscopum et Ditherium cancellarium premittit in Apuliam ad explorandum eventum rerum. sed ortis inter eos simultatibus, Moguntiacus statim revertitur, cancellarius in Novembri redit, omnia facilia captu indicans"). Kartusch, pp. 127-133.
40. Ganzer, pp. 125-129. Kartusch, pp. 424-427.
41. Ganzer, pp. 129-131. E. Gattula, ''Historia Abbatiae Cassiniensis'' Pars prima (Venice: S. Coleti 1733), p. 399.
42. Ganzer, pp. 137-140, at p. 138. Kartusch, pp. 63-67.
43. Petrus was a member of the family of the Diani of Piacenza. "Diana" is incorrect: P. Kehr, ''Italia Pontificia'' Vol. V (Berlin: Weidmann 1911), p. 428, nos. 4 and 5. Kartusch, pp. 347-355, at p. 350; and 394. Ganzer, pp. 136-137.
44. Melior subscribes for Clement III in 1187 and 1188, but not for Celestine III until 27 December 1191. Jaffé II, pp. 536, 577. Ganzer, pp. 148-149. W. Malaczek (1991), [http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-diani_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ "Diani, Pietro,"] in: ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' 39 (1991). Retrieved: 30 December 2021.
45. "Ymagines Historiarum," in: W. Stubbs (ed,), "The Historical Works of Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London", Vol. II (London: Longmans; Macmillan; Black, 1876), p. 89.
46. "Clemente papa tertio rebus humanis exempto, Iacintus, inter diaconos ecclesie Romane primus, ne scisma subitum in Ecclesia Dei consurgeret, se fieri papam vix tandem consensit."
47. Gregorovius IV. 2, pp. 625-628.
48. Watterich II, p. 711, note 2: "[Henricus] in sua promotione multas contradictiones tam a Romanis, quam a cardinalibus sustinuit; tandem cernens regnorum perturbationem et Apuliensium erga se rebellione, pro tempore tam cardinalibus satis fecit, Pape restituens multa quae antecessores eius ecclesiae abstulerat. Qua Romani accepta, in coronatione imperatoris prebuerunt assensum."
49. Chacon, Alfonso. (1677). "Vitae et res gestae Pontificum romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium: ab initio nascentis ecclesiae vsque ad Clementem IX P.O.M.". Philippi et Ant. De Rubeis.
50. Arnold of Lübeck "Chronica Slavorum" IV. 4, in: Watterich II, p. 710: "Cumque approprinquaret romae suscepturus Apostolicam benedictionem, Dominus Apostolicus Clemens mortuus est, pro quo dominus Coelestinus in sede est sublimatus. Qui videns regem cum multa iactantia venisse, ad protelandam eius consecrationem suam distulit."
51. Roger de Hoveden, cited by Watterich II, pp. 709-710. Gregorovius IV. 2, p. 627.
52. Roger de Hoveden, in: Watterich II, p. 711.
53. Jaffé, p. 578.
54. Gregorovius IV. 2, p. 628.