Visoki Dečani

History

The region of Dečani had a long ecclesiastical history. Since the beginning of the 11th century, it belonged to the Eparchy of Prizren, under the jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. In 1219, the Archbishopric of Žiča was created in the medieval Kingdom of Serbia, and northern parts of the Eparchy of Prizren were reorganized as the new Eparchy of Hvosno. Such ecclesiastical order was as well in place in the first half of the 14th century, and thus also at the time when establishment of the Dečani monastery was initiated.

The construction of the monastery began during the reign of the Serbian King Stefan Dečanski, in 1327. The original founding charter from 1330, also known as the Dečani chrysobull, has been preserved to this day. After his death in 1331, Stefan Dečanski was buried in the still unfinished monastery, the construction of which was continued by his son Stefan Dušan, who became the King of Serbia in the same year. The main architect of the monastery was the Franciscan friar Vito of Kotor. According to Bratislav Pantelić, the monastic church displays some features of Gothic architecture, Byzantine-Romanesque architecture and contains Byzantine style fresco paintings and numerous Romanesque sculptures, part of a "Palaeologan renaissance".

The construction of the monastery lasted for a total of 8 years and covered an area of 4000 square meters. The outstanding artistic quality of the paintings took 15 years and were done by painters with origins from Serbia, Byzantine and Adriatic coast. The wooden throne of the hegumen (monastery head) was finished at around this time, and the church interior was decorated. Dečanski's carved wooden sarcophagus was finished in 1340. Those who contributed to the construction of the monastery were collectively gifted a village close to the city of Prizren named Manastirica, where many settled following completion. Serbian princess and Bulgarian empress consort Ana-Neda (d. ca. 1350) was buried in the church.

During the Middle Ages, entire Albanian villages were gifted by Serbian kings, particularly Stefan Dušan, as presents to the Serbian monastery of Visoki Dečani, as well as those of Prizren and Tetovo. Bulgarian writer Gregory Tsamblak, author of the Life of Stefan Dečanski, was the hegumen (monastery head) at the beginning of the 15th century.

Under Ottoman rule

In the middle of the 15th century, the region was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, but the monastery continued to exist. In 1557, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć war renewed, encompassing the region, and thus the monastery remained under its jurisdiction until the abolition of the Patriarchate in 1766. From that time, the region was under jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

The painter-monk Longin spent two decades in the monastery during the second half of the 16th century and created 15 icons with depictions of the Great Feasts and hermits, as well as his most celebrated work, the icon of Stefan Dečanski. In the late 17th century, the Ottomans plundered the monastery, but inflicted no serious damage. In 1819, archimandrite Zaharija Dečanac became Metropolitan of Raška and Prizren.

20th and 21st century

Following the end of the First Balkan War, the monastery fell within the administration of the Kingdom of Montenegro. The then King Nikola I of Montenegro placed much of the surrounding land under the monastery's jurisdiction. During World War I, the monastery's treasures were plundered by the Austro-Hungarian Army, which occupied Serbia between 1915 and 1918. The monastery fell within the territory of the Italian-ruled Albanian Kingdom during World War II, and was targeted for destruction by the Albanian nationalist Balli Kombëtar and Italian fascist blackshirts in mid-1941. The Royal Italian Army responded by sending a group of soldiers to help protect the monastery from attack.

The monastic treasure was exhibited in the rebuilt medieval refectory in 1987. The monastery's monks sheltered refugees of all ethnicities during the Kosovo War, which lasted from March 1998 to June 1999. On 7 May 1998, the corpses of two elderly Albanians were found 400 m from the monastery. They were reportedly killed by the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) for allegedly collaborating with Serbian forces. The KLA staged an attack not far from the monastery on 8 May, killing one person and wounding four others. That evening, Deçan's 300 remaining Serbs came to the monastery to seek shelter.

Albanian civilians seeking refuge in the monastery returned to their homes following the withdrawal of Serbian military from Kosovo in June 1999. An Italian unit of the Kosovo Force (KFOR) was subsequently assigned to guard the monastery, which was attacked on several occasions. Dozens of Romanis sought sanctuary in the monastery over the next several months, fearing retaliatory attacks by their Albanian neighbours, who accused them of collaborating with the Serbs and looting Albanian homes.

During the violent unrest in Kosovo on 17 March 2004, KFOR defended the monastery from an Albanian mob trying to throw Molotov cocktails at it. Several Albanians were shot and wounded in the clash. On 2 July 2004, the monastery was declared a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). UNESCO cited it as "an irreplaceable treasure, a place where traditions of Romanesque architecture meet artistic patterns of the Byzantine world." The monastery, along with all other Serbian Medieval Monuments in Kosovo, was added to the UNESCO list of endangered World Heritage sites in 2006.

Suspected Kosovo Albanian insurgents hurled hand grenades at the monastery on 30 March 2007, but caused little damage. In recent years, the situation around the monastery has stabilized and it has reopened to visitors. Serbian President Boris Tadić attended a service at the monastery in April 2009. U.S. Vice President Joe Biden visited the monastery the following month. In the annual International Religious Freedom Report, the State Department wrote that the Deçan municipal officials continued to refuse to implement a 2016 Constitutional Court decision upholding the Supreme Court’s 2012 ruling recognizing the monastery’s ownership of approximately 24 hectares of land.

Architecture

Because of the dimensions of the church, which by far surpass the size of all the other medieval Balkan churches, the monastery has been popularly named High Dečani. The church has five-nave naos, a three-part iconostasis, and a three-nave parvise. With the dome, it is 26 m high. Its outer walls are done in alternate layers of white and pink marble. The portals, windows, consoles, and capitals are richly decorated. Christ the Judge is shown surrounded by angels in the western part of the church. Its twenty major cycles of fresco murals represent the largest preserved gallery of Serbian medieval art, featuring over 1000 compositions and several thousand portraits.

Heritage site in danger

Dečani Monastery is one of four World Heritage medieval monuments in Kosovo designated as a heritage site in danger. Since the arrival of KFOR peacekeepers in the region in 1999, attacks on the Monastery have increased. Since 1999 there have been five significant attacks and near miss attacks on the monastery:

• 27 February 2000 – Six grenades hit the Decani Monastery.
• 22 June 2000 – Nine grenades hit the Decani Monastery.
• 17 March 2004 – Seven grenades fell around the monastery walls. This attack formed part of the 2004 unrest in Kosovo.
• 30 March 2007 – One grenade hit the wall behind the church.
• 1 February 2016 – Four armed suspects in a motor vehicle were detained at the gates of the monastery. A search of their car found an assault rifle, pistol, ammunition and extremist Islamist printed material. It is unclear whether there is any connection between the case of Decani and an earlier attack in a mosque in Drenas. Dusan Kozarev, member of government of Serbia had claimed a year earlier that the monastery gates were painted with graffiti that read "ISIS", "Caliphate is coming" and "UÇK".

As of 2023, Dečani Monastery has a 24/7 guard from KFOR. Of the four medieval monuments in Kosovo that are designated as a heritage site in danger, Dečani is the only one with a direct guard from KFOR.

In 2021, Europa Nostra listed Visoki Dečani as one of the seven most endangered cultural heritage sites in Europe.

In popular culture

Visoki Dečani, three episodes of the documentary series "Witnesses of Times" produced by the broadcasting service RTB in 1989 was created by Gordana Babić and Petar Savković, directed by Dragoslav Bokan, music was composed by Zoran Hristić.

References

Sources

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• {{cite news | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090529201616/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2009/05/22/biden-visit-to-kosovo-monastery-splits-serbian-orthodox-church/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 29 May 2009
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References

1. UNESCO, World Heritage Scanned Nomination. "DEČANI MONASTERY".
2. (8 April 2021). "Visoki Dečani na listi sedam najugroženijih lokaliteta kulturnog nasleđa u Evropi". RTS.
3. (8 April 2021). "Inclusion of the Dečani Monastery on the 2021 List of 7 Most Endangered heritage sites in Europe". [[Europa Nostra]].
4. (2 June 2021). "Europa Nostra and EIB Institute announce Europe's 7 Most Endangered heritage sites 2021". [[Europa Nostra]].
5. (7 July 2004). "Decani Monastery". [[UNESCO]].
6. (2004). "DEČANI MONASTERY NOMINATION OF THE CULTURAL MONUMENT FOR INCLUSION ON THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST". UNESCO World Heritage.
7. (7 July 2004). "Decani Monastery". [[UNESCO]].
8. Mile Nedeljković. (2002). "Srpski običajni kalendar: za prostu 2003. godinu". Čin.
9. (25 January 2008). "La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est : genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine". P. Lang.
10. (1984). "Popullsia Shqiptare e Kosoves Gjate Shekujve XV XVI". 8 Nëntori.
11. UNESCO, World Heritage Scanned Nomination. "DEČANI MONASTERY".
12. "Decani Monastery Attacked Four Times Between 2000–2007". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.
13. "News from Kosovo". Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Raska and Prizren.
14. "Cultural Heritage in South-East Europe: Kosovo". UNESCO.
15. "International Religious Freedom Report 2009". US Department of State.
16. (1 February 2016). "Kosovo Gunmen Arrested Near Serb Monastery". [[Balkan Insight]].
17. (30 September 2015). "Remarks by Mr Dusan Kozarev, office for Kosovo and Metohija, Government of Serbia made at the Human Dimensions Implementation Meeting in Warsaw". [[Office for Kosovo and Metohija]] (Serbia).
18. (2023-06-25). "NATO-led peacekeepers guard medieval monastery in Kosovo".
19. (8 April 2021). "Visoki Dečani na listi sedam najugroženijih lokaliteta kulturnog nasleđa u Evropi". RTS.
20. (8 April 2021). "Europa Nostra and EIB Institute announce Europe's 7 Most Endangered heritage sites 2021". [[Europa Nostra]].
21. {{YouTube. 5tXve5hZxyg. Visoki Dečani – first episode Official channel of [[Radio Television of Serbia. RTS]];{{YouTube. sNMj06qkTEg. Visoki Dečani – second episode Official channel of RTS;{{YouTube. e5R5qhur2S0. Visoki Dečani – third episode Official channel of RTS