Travancore–Cochin

History

Paravur T. K. Narayana Pillai, the Congress Prime Minister of Travancore, became the Chief Minister of Travancore–Cochin. The first elections were held in 1951 and A. J. John from the Congress party was elected as the Chief Minister, ruling until 1954.

The ruler of Travancore was appointed as the governor (known as "Rajpramukh") of Travancore–Cochin. The Maharajah of Cochin was offered to be addressed as Uparaja Pramukh, but he did not want any title after handing over the power. The Maharaja politely said that the eldest member of Cochin Royal Family should be called Valiya Thampuran and gave up royal powers unconditionally for the good of the people. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111205549/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article112248.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2015 During the tenure of Chief Minister Pattom A. Thanu Pillai of the Praja Socialist Party in 1954–1955, the Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (TTNC) campaigned for the merger of the predominantly Tamil-speaking southern regions of Travancore–Cochin with the neighbouring Madras State, reflecting demands for linguistic reorganization aligned with Tamil identity. This occurred amid the broader Aikya Kerala Movement, which sought to unite all Malayalam-speaking areas into a single state. The agitation intensified with protests and processions; clashes occurred at Marthandam and Puthukkadai in August 1954, resulting in several deaths and highlighting deepening linguistic divisions between the communities.

Under the State Reorganisation Act of 1956, the four southern taluks of Travancore namely Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam and Vilavancode and a part of Sengottai in Tenkasi Taluk was merged with Madras State. On 1 November 1956 Travancore–Cochin was joined with Malabar District of Madras State to form the new state of Kerala, with a governor, appointed by the President of India, as the head of the state instead of 'Rajapramukh'.

Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State

Main article: Merger of Kanyakumari with Madras State

Tamils lived in large numbers in the areas of Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Sengottai, Eraniel, Vilavancode, Kalkulam, Devikulam, Peerumedu Neyyattinkara and Thiruvananthapuram in the erstwhile Travancore State. In the predominantly Tamil-speaking southern regions of Travancore, Malayalam served as the official language with only a limited number of Tamil-medium schools available. This posed linguistic and educational challenges for Tamil-speaking residents. The Travancore State Government did not accede to requests from Tamil-speaking residents for greater use of Tamil in education and administration, prioritizing the promotion of Malayalam as the official language. During that period, the Travancore State Congress favoured the idea of uniting all the Malayalam speaking regions and the formation of a unified state for Malayalam speakers. In protest against this idea, many Tamil leaders vacated the party. Tamils gathered together in the town of Nagercoil on 16th December 1945 under the leadership of Sam Nathaniel and formed the new political party All Travancore Tamilian Congress. The party continuously compelled for the merger of Tamil regions in Travancore with the Madras State.

In the working committee meeting of Tamilian congress at Eraviputhur on 30 June 1946, the name of the political party was changed to Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress (TTNC). TTNC was popular among the Tamils living in Thovalai and Agateeswaram Taluks. Mr. Ma. Po. Sivagnanam (Ma.Po.Si) was the only leader from Tamil Nadu who functioned in favour of TTNC After the independence of India, State Assembly Elections were announced in Travancore. As a consequence, TTNC improved its popularity among Tamils. A popular and leading advocate from Vilavancode Mr. A. Nesamony organised a meeting of his supporters at Allan Memorial Hall, Nagercoil on 8 September 1947. In that meeting it was declared that they must achieve their objective through their political organisation, the T.T.N.C. And T.T.N.C started gaining strength and momentum in Kalkulam – Vilavancode Taluks. During the election propaganda campaign, clashes occurred between the Tamil Nadar community and the Malayali Nair community at various places in Kalkulam – Vilavancode Taluks. police force suppressed the agitating Nadars. In February 1948 the police opened fire and two Tamil speaking Nadars were killed. TTNC won in 14 constituencies in the election to the State Legislative Assembly. Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the legislative leader of the party. Then under his leadership, the awakened Tamil population was prepared to undergo any sacrifice to achieve their goal.

In 1950, a meeting was held at Palayamkottai to make compromises between the state congress and the TTNC. The meeting met with failure and Mr. Sam Nathaniel resigned from the post of president of TTNC Mr. P. Ramasamy Pillai, a strong follower of Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as the New President. The first general election of Independent India was held on 1952. TTNC won 8 legislative assembly seats. Mr. A. Chidambaranathan became the minister on behalf of TTNC in the coalition state government formed by the Congress. In the parliamentary Constituency Mr. A. Nesamony was elected as M.P. and in the Rajyasabha seat. Mr. A. Abdul Razak was elected as M.P. on behalf of TTNC. In due course, accusing the Congress government for not showing enough care the struggle of the Tamils, TTNC had broken away from the coalition and the Congress government lost the majority. So fresh elections were announced. In 1954 elections, TTNC was victorious in 12 constituencies. Pattom Thanu Pillai was the chief minister for Thiru – Kochi legislative assembly. He engaged hard measures against the agitations of Tamils. Especially the Tamils at Devikulam –Peermade regions went through the atrocities of Travancore Police force. Condemning the attitude of the police, TTNC leaders from Nagercoil went to Munnar and participated in agitations against the prohibitive orders. The leaders were arrested and an uncalm atmosphere prevailed in South Travancore.

On 11 August, Liberation Day celebrations were held at many places in South Travancore. Public meetings and processions were organised. Communists also collaborated with the agitation programmes. Police opened fire at the processions in Thoduvetty (Martandam) and Puthukadai. Nine Tamil volunteers were killed and thousands of TTNC and communist sympathizers were arrested in various parts of Tamil main land. At the end, Pattom Thanu Pillai's ministry was toppled and normalcy returned to the Tamil regions. The central government had appointed Fazal Ali Commission (December 1953) for the states reorganisation based on language. It submitted its report on 10 August 1955. Based on this report, Devikulam – Peermade and Neyyattinkara Taluks were merged with Kerala state. On 1 November 1956 – four Taluks Thovalai, Agastheeswaram, Kalkulam, Vilavancode were recognised to form the New Kanyakumari District and merged with Tamil Nadu State. Half of Sengottai Taluk was merged with Tirunelveli District. The main demand of TTNC was to merger the Tamil regions with Tamil Nadu and major part of its demand was realised. So TTNC was dissolved thereafter.

Retainment of Devikulam and Peerumedu Taluks in Kerala

Apart from Kanyakumari district, the Taluks of Devikulam and Peermade in present-day Idukki district also had a Tamil-majority until the late 1940s. The T.T.N.C had also requested to merge these Taluks with Madras State. However it was due to some decisions of Pattom Thanu Pillai, who was the first prime minister of Travancore, that they retained in the modern-state of Kerala. Pattom came up with a colonisation project to re-engineer the demography of Cardamom Hills. His colonisation project was to relocate 8,000 Malayalam-speaking families into the Taluks of Devikulam and Peermade. About 50,000 acres in these Taluks, which were Tamil-majority area, were chosen for the colonisation project. As a victory of the Colonisation project done by post-independence Travancore, these two Taluks and a larger portion of Cardamom Hills retained in the state of Kerala, after States Reorganisation Act, 1956.

Prime Ministers

Chief Ministers

Subdivisions

The state had 4 districts which were divided into 36 taluks.

References

References

1. "The States Reorganisation Act, 1956". Government of India.
2. [http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/a_j_john.html A. J. John, Anaparambil] {{Webarchive. link. (1 March 2012)
3. (1884). "Report on the Census of Travancore (1881)". Government of India.
4. V. S. Sathianesan – Tamil Separatism in Travancore
5. R. Isaac Jeyadhas – Kanyakumari District and Indian Independence Struggle (Tamil)
6. D. Daniel - Travancore Tamils: Struggle for Identity.
7. B. Yogeeswaran – History of Travancore Tamil Struggle (Tamil)
8. D. Peter – Malayali Dominance and Tamil Liberation (Tamil)
9. R. Kuppusamy – Historical foot prints of a True War (Tamil)
10. B. Mariya John – Linguistic Reorganisation of Madras Presidenty
11. Ayyappan, R. (31 October 2020). "Why did Kerala surrender Kanyakumari without a fight?". Onmanorama.
12. (2006). "Manorama Year Book". [[Malayala Manorama]].