Synovial stromal cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients attract monocytes by producing MCP-1 and IL-8

Abstract

Macrophages that accumulate in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients play an important role in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease. However, the mechanism by which macrophages are attracted into the inflamed synovium and accumulate there has not been completely delineated. The results of this study show that rheumatoid arthritis synovial stromal cells produce the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and IL-8, and these have the capacity to attract peripheral monocytes. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which macrophages accumulate in the inflamed synovium is by responding to the chemokines produced locally.

Introduction

]. Understanding the regulation of macrophage accumulation in the RA synovium should therefore provide insight into the inflammatory nature of rheumatoid synovitis.

]. Despite this information, the specific chemokine–chemokine receptor interactions involved in the recruitment of monocytes into the rheumatoid synovium have not been fully delineated.

To address this issue, we examined chemokine receptor expression by peripheral blood monocytes, and also analyzed the capacity of supernatants from RA synovial stromal cells to induce monocyte migration. The data indicate that MCP-1 secreted by synovial stromal cells plays a major role in attracting monocytes to the synovium, and that IL-8 may also contribute.

Antibodies and reagents

Biotinylated mouse anti-human CCR1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), mouse anti-human CCR2 mAb conjugated with phycoerythrin (PE), mouse anti-human CCR6 mAb conjugated with PE, mouse anti-human CXCR1 mAb conjugated with PE, mouse anti-human CXCR2 mAb conjugated with PE, mouse anti-human CXCR5 mAb conjugated with PE, mouse anti-human CCR3 mAb conjugated with FITC, mouse anti-human MCP-1 mAb (24822.111), mouse anti-human IL-8 mAb (6217.111), mouse anti-human IP-10 mAb (33036.211), mouse anti-human CCR5 mAb (45531.111), and biotinylated goat IgG anti-human IP-10 were purchased from R&D Systems Inc (Miami, FL). Mouse anti-human CCR5 mAb conjugated with FITC and mouse anti-human CXCR4 mAb conjugated with PE were purchased from Pharmingen (San Diego, CA). Mouse anti-human CD14 mAb conjugated with FITC or PE, and Streptavidin conjugated with PE were obtained from Sigma (St Louis, MO). Mouse IgG1 mAb was prepared from hybridoma cell lines purchased from ATCC (Rockville, MD). Mouse IgG2A conjugated with PE (Pharmingen), mouse IgG2B conjugated with PE (R&D Systems), and mouse IgG1 conjugated with FITC (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) were used for negative controls for flow cytometry.

Recombinant human TNF-α, RANTES, interferon-gamma inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and stromal cell derived factor-1α were purchased from R&D Systems. Trizol reagent, deoxyribonucleaseI, and SuperScriptII reverse transcriptase were purchased from Gibco BRL (Rockville, MD). Taq polymerase was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI), and Oligo dT and ficoll/isopaque were purchased from Pharmacia (Piscataway, NJ). DMEM with high-glucose, RPMI-1640, and FBS were purchased from Gibco BRL.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-1β, and RANTES were purchased from R&D Systems, and transwell membranes (5 μm pore size in 24 wells) were purchased from Costar (Cambridge, MA). The TMB microwell peroxidase substrate system was purchased from KPL (Gaithersburg, MD).

Stromal cell lines and fibroblast lines

] was obtained following informed consent, and dissociated with collagenase and trypsin. Dissociated cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 10% conditioned medium, which was prepared by incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 healthy donors in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS for 48 h. The cultures were then maintained for more than 2 months, and the SCLs were cloned by limiting dilution. Clones were thereafter maintained and replenished with fresh DMEM medium with 10 or 20% FBS every 3–4 days. One clone (Sy77) was used in the present experiments. RA tissues from two other patients were also dissociated with collagenase and trypsin. Dissociated cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 10% conditioned medium and used as RA SCLs (RA6/1 and RA8/3) after 4–10 passages. An SCL was also established from osteoarthritis synovium (OA5/26) using the same procedure. A skin fibroblast line (FBHG) was also established from a healthy human skin sample.

SCL and fibroblast culture

-glutamine with or without 2 ng/ml TNF-α. To assess chemokine mRNA expression, cell lines were harvested after 4 h of culture, then suspended in Trizol and stored at -80°C. Supernatants were collected after 24 h and stored at -80°C until use for migration assay and quantification of chemokines.

Preparation of mononuclear cells

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from heparinized blood of healthy adult volunteers by density sedimentation using ficoll/isopaque. PBMC were cultured with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) treated for 70 min at 4°C, and rosette negative cells were collected by ficoll/isopaque sedimentation.

Chemokine receptor expression by monocytes

cells suspended in 100 μl staining buffer (PBS + 2% FBS) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

Migration assay

cells were counted.

RNA isolation and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

). Denaturation and extension conditions were 94°C for 1 min and 72°C for 1 min, respectively. The annealing period was 1 min for each PCR, and the temperature was 62°C for RANTES and 56°C for the other chemokines and β-actin. PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels and identified with ethidium bromide staining. Firstly, β-actin expression was examined using 26-30 cycles of reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) to amplify 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 μl cDNA to adjust the amount of cDNA of each sample precisely. After resolving the PCR products on agarose gels and identifying the relevant bands with ethidium bromide, the optimal amounts of cDNA for analysis were then determined. Chemokine expression in this amount of cDNA was examined using 30, 32, 35, 38, and 40 cycles of PCR amplification, and the results in the linear part of the amplification curve are reported in the figures.

PCR primers

The primer pair for β-actin was GTC CTC TCC CAA GTC CAC ACA (forward) and CTG GTC TCA AGT CAG TGT ACA GGT AA (reverse), that of IL-8 was CTG CGC CAA CAC AGA AAT TA (forward) and ATT GCA TCT GGC AAC CCT AC (reverse), that of MCP-1 was GCC TCC AGC ATG AAA GTC TC (forward) and TAA AAC AGG GTG TCT GGG GA (reverse), that of IP-10 was CCA CGT GTT GAG ATC ATT GC (forward) and TGG AAG ATG GGA AAG GTG AG (reverse), that of RANTES was CGC TGT CAT CCT CAT TGC TA (forward) and GCT GTC TCG AAC TCC TGA CC (reverse), that of MIP-1α was TGC AAC CAG TTC TCT GCA TC (forward) and ACA GGG GAA CTC TCA GAG CA (reverse), and that of MIP-1β was CTG GGT CCA GGA GTA CGT GT (forward) and ACA GTG GAC CAT CCC CAT AG (reverse).

ELISA

Concentrations of chemokines were measured by sandwich ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions (R&D Systems).

Statistical analysis

test was used to evaluate chemokine production by SCLs and the fibroblast line.

Chemokine receptor expression by peripheral blood monocytes

) are presented. CXCR3 and CXCR4 were expressed by a high frequency of monocytes in all healthy donors. More than one-half of monocytes expressed CCR2, CCR5, CXCR1, and CXCR2 in seven of nine cases, although a minimal number of monocytes from two donors expressed these receptors. Expression of CCR6 and CXCR5 by monocytes was minimal in all subjects. CCR1 was expressed by few monocytes in three donors, whereas 20-40% of monocytes of the other donors expressed CCR1. These results suggest that CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, and CXCR4 are candidates to be involved in chemokine-mediated trafficking of monocytes.

Supernatants of cell lines attract monocytes

< 0.01). Those supernatants from RA SCLs induced the migration of significantly more monocytes than the supernatants of the OA SCL and skin fibroblasts.

Chemokine mRNA production by cell lines

). RA SCLs expressed a number of proinflammatory chemokine mRNAs, including MCP-1, IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, and IP-10. OA SCL also expressed these same chemokine mRNAs with the exception of MIP-1β. The fibroblast line expressed mRNAs for IL-8, MCP-1, and IP-10, but not RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β.

Chemokine production by cell lines

). Production of MCP-1 and IL-8 by RA SCLs was greater than that by OA SCL and the fibroblast line. The cell lines produced low levels of RANTES, whereas IP-10 and MIP1-β were not detected (data not shown).

MCP-1 and IL-8 play a role in migration of monocytes

). Anti-MCP-1 and anti-IL-8 mAbs decreased monocyte migration significantly, with the effect of anti-MCP-1 being consistently greater than that of anti-IL-8. Anti-CCR5 blocking mAb did not effect monocyte migration. The anti-CCR5 mAb did have blocking activity, however, since migration of T cells induced by RANTES (500 ng/ml) was blocked by 95% (data not shown).

Stimulation with TNF-α induces RA SCL to produce more chemokines and attract more monocytes

) than those that were unstimulated.

MCP-1 and IL-8 play major roles in monocyte migration by RA SCLs after TNF-α stimulation

).

Discussion

The results of this study indicate that supernatants of SCL derived from RA synovial tissue can attract more monocytes from peripheral blood than OA SCL and skin fibroblasts. MCP-1 and, to a lesser degree, IL-8 played the major roles in SCL-induced trafficking of monocytes. These results begin to provide an explanation for the extensive accumulation of myeloid cells in rheumatoid synovium. Importantly, RA SCL induced more monocyte migration after stimulation with TNF-α, one of the major inflammatory cytokines produced in the rheumatoid synovium.

], including CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR8, and CXCR4. The current analysis indicates that, along with these receptors, CXCR1, CXCR2, and CXCR3 are also expressed by monocytes. CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, and CXCR4 notably appear to be expressed by monocytes obtained from most donors.

]. Migration assays using supernatants of RA SCLs were employed to determine which of these chemokine and receptor interactions might be involved in monocyte migration in the RA synovium.

]. The current findings also indicate that supernatants of RA SCLs attract more monocytes than the supernatants of OA SCL and skin fibroblasts. This result suggests that the supernatants from RA SCLs may contain more chemokines than or different chemokines to those of OA SCL or fibroblast lines and, therefore, are able to attract additional monocytes. This is likely to contribute to the more marked accumulation of monocytes in RA compared with OA synovium.

]. The current study indicates a wider profile of chemokine expression and secretion by RA SCL, and also a greater production of IL-8 and MCP-1 by RA SCL compared with OA SCL, implying a greater proinflammatory potential.

Experiments with blocking mAbs were carried out to examine the chemokines in the supernatants of SCL that accounted for monocyte migration. The data were consistent with the conclusion that MCP-1 and, to a lesser extent, IL-8 accounted for the capacity of RA SCL supernatants to stimulate monocyte migration. Whether additional cytokines produced by RA SCL also contributed to monocyte migration is currently not known, but the combination of the chemokine data and the mAb blocking results suggests that MCP-1 and IL-8 play a dominant role in monocyte migration measured by SCL.

]. We examined the influence of TNF-α on monocyte migration induced by RA SCL. RA SCLs stimulated by TNF-α secreted more MCP-1, IL-8, and RANTES than those that were unstimulated, and began to produce IP-10. Moreover, supernatants of TNF-α-stimulated RA SCLs attracted more monocytes in migration assay. MCP-1 and IL-8 played the main roles in monocyte migration induced by TNF-α-stimulated RA-SCL, as documented by blocking experiments.

]. CCR5 expressed by monocytes, however, was not apparently active in transmitting transmigratory signals. RANTES is also the ligand of CCR1, but the major receptor for RANTES is thought to be CCR5. In this regard, expression of CCR1 by monocytes was lower than that of CCR5. Moreover, antibody to MCP-1 and IL-8 blocked 75% and 20% of migration of monocytes, respectively. According to this information, RANTES is unlikely to play a major role in monocyte migration by RA SCL supernatants.

]. RANTES might, therefore, play a different role in the initiation of inflammatory arthritis in experimental animals compared with propagating chronic inflammation in RA.

]. These previous results, together with the current data, indicate that both MCP-1 and IL-8 play major roles in regulating the trafficking of myeloid cells into inflammatory sites.

The role of specific chemokines in arthritis is still controversial, and further investigation is necessary to delineate to specific roles of these effector molecules. Moreover, the role of tissue cells in regulating the migration of inflammatory cells into the synovium is also not fully established. The current data, however, strongly imply that monocyte accumulation in rheumatoid synovium is regulated by SCL via production of the chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8.

Abbreviations

ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IP-10 = interferon-gamma inducible protein 10; mAb = monoclonal antibody; MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein-1; MIP = macrophage inflammatory protein; OA = osteoarthritis; PBMC = peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PE = phycoerythrin; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; RANTES = regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted; RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; SCL = stromal cell line; SRBC = sheep red blood cells; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grant AR-39169 and by the Organization for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research.

Figures and Tables

monocytes is shown (solid line). Dotted lines show staining by isotype-matched control mAb. Percentage of positive cells is also shown in the histograms. Staining was from one of nine experiments. FL-1 height, FITC fluorescence; FL-2 height, PE fluorescence.

< 0.01.

Chemokine mRNA expression by various cell lines. Chemokine mRNA expression was examined with RT-PCR. PCR products were separated in 1.5% agarose gels and analyzed after ethidium bromide staining. Each PCR was performed using 0.1 μl cDNA sample and the number of PCR cycles indicated. RA6/1, RA8/3, and Sy77 are RA SCLs, OA5/26 is a SCL from OA, and FBHG is a skin fibroblast line.

< 0.01.

test was used to assess statistical differences versus the result with control mAb.

< 0.01.

< 0.01.

test was used to assess statistical differences versus the result with control mAb.

monocytes

cells was analyzed. The mean percent and range of positive cells are shown.

Keywords

• chemokine
• monocyte
• rheumatoid arthritis