Siddhaṃ script

History

The script evolved from the Gupta Brahmi script in the late 6th century CE.

Many Buddhist texts taken to China along the Silk Road were written using a version of the script. This continued to evolve, and minor variations are seen across time, and in different regions. Importantly, it was used for transmitting the Buddhist tantra texts. At the time it was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led to the retention of the script in East Asia. The practice of writing using survived in East Asia where Chinese Esoteric Buddhism persisted.

Kūkai introduced the script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda-trained monks including one known as Prajñā (; 734–). By the time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India had been closed by the expanding Abbasid Caliphate.

In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a series of purges of "foreign religions", thus cutting Japan off from the sources of texts. In time, other scripts, particularly Devanagari, replaced in India, while 's northeastern derivative called Gaudi evolved to become the Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and also the Nepalese scripts in the eastern and northeastern regions of South Asia, leaving East Asia as the only region where is still used.

There were special forms of Siddhaṃ used in Korea that varied significantly from those used in China and Japan, and there is evidence that Siddhaṃ was written in Central Asia, as well, by the early 7th century.

As was done with Chinese characters, Japanese Buddhist scholars sometimes created multiple characters with the same phonological value to add meaning to Siddhaṃ characters. This practice, in effect, represents a 'blend' of the Chinese style of writing and the Indian style of writing and allows Sanskrit texts in Siddhaṃ to be differentially interpreted as they are read, as was done with Chinese characters that the Japanese had adopted. This led to multiple variants of the same characters.

Characteristics

is an abugida rather than an alphabet, as each character indicates a syllable, including a consonant and (possibly) a vowel. If the vowel sound is not explicitly indicated, the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks are used to indicate other vowels, as well as the anusvara and visarga. A virama can be used to indicate that the consonant letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.

Siddhaṃ texts were usually written from left to right then top to bottom, as with other Brahmic scripts, but occasionally they were written in the traditional Chinese style, from top to bottom then right to left. Bilingual Siddhaṃ-Japanese texts show the manuscript turned 90 degrees clockwise and the Japanese is written from top to bottom, as is typical of Japanese, and then the manuscript is turned back again, and the Siddhaṃ writing is continued from left to right (the resulting Japanese characters appear sideways).

Over time, additional markings were developed, including punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures to combine conjuncts and rarely to combine syllables, and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The nuqta is also used in some modern Siddhaṃ texts.

Vowels

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Independent form ! Bound form on ! Independent form ! Bound form on |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |- | | | | |} :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Independent form ! Bound form on ! Independent form ! Bound form on |- | | | | |- | | | | |}

Consonants

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- !rowspan="2"| !colspan="5"|Stop !rowspan="2"|Approximant !rowspan="2"|Fricative |- ! style="font-size:80%"|Tenuis ! style="font-size:80%"|Aspirated ! style="font-size:80%"|Voiced ! style="font-size:80%"|Breathy voiced ! style="font-size:80%"|Nasal |- !Glottal | |- !Velar | | | | | |- !Palatal | | | | | | | |- !Retroflex | | | | | | | |- !Dental | | | | | | | |- !Bilabial | | | | | |- !Labiodental | |}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

| | |}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

Conjuncts

: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! k\cdotskṣ !! -ya !! -ra !! -la !! -va !! -ma !! -na |- | [[File:siddham k.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham kya.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham kra.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham kla.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham kva.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham kma.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham kna1.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham rka.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkya.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkra.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkla.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkva.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkma.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkna.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham kh.svg|13px]] |- |}

• ↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table. :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | [[File:siddham ngka1.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngga1.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nggha.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham nyca.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nycha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nyja1.svg|13px]] | [[File:Siddham nyjha.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham nntta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nnttha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nndda.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nnddha.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham nta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ntha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nda.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ndha1.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham mpa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham mpha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham mba.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham mbha.svg|13px]] |}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | [[File:siddham ngya1.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngra.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngla.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngva.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham ngsha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngssa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngsa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkssa.svg|13px]] |}

:{| class="wikitable" |- | [[File:siddham ska.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham skha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham dga.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham dgha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngktra.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham wca.svg|13px]] / | [[File:siddham wcha.svg|13px]] / | [[File:siddham wja.svg|13px]] / | [[File:siddham wjha.svg|13px]] / | [[File:siddham jny1.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham sstta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ssttha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ddda.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham dddha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ssnya.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham sta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham stha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham wda.svg|13px]] / | [[File:siddham wdha.svg|13px]] / | [[File:siddham rtsna.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham spa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham spha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham dba.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham dbha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkssma.svg|13px]] |}

:{| class="wikitable" |- | [[File:siddham rkssvya.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkssvrya.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham lta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham tkva.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham ttsha2.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ttssa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham sha.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham bkssa.svg|13px]] |}

:{| class="wikitable" |- | [[File:siddham pta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ttka.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham dsva.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ttsschra.svg|13px]] |}

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | [[File:siddham jja.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ttttta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nnnna.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham tta.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nna2.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham mma.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham lla.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham vva.svg|13px]] | \cdots |}

: Alternative forms of conjuncts that contain . :{| class="wikitable" | [[File:siddham nntta1.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nnttha1.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nndda1.svg|13px]]
| [[File:siddham nnddha1.svg|13px]] |}

ṛ syllables

:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | [[File:siddham kri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham khri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham gri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ghri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham cri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham chri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham jri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham jhri.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham nyri.svg|13px]] | \cdots |}

Some sample syllables

: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- | [[File:siddham rka.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkaa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rki.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkii.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rku.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkuu.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rke.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkai.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rko.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkau.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkam.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham rkah.svg|13px]] |- | [[File:siddham ngka1.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkaa.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngki.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkii.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngku.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkuu.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngke.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkai.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngko.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkau.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkam.svg|13px]] | [[File:siddham ngkah.svg|13px]] |}

Usage

In Japan, the writing of mantras and copying/reading of sutras using the script is still practiced in the esoteric schools of Shingon Buddhism and Tendai as well as in the syncretic sect of Shugendō. The characters are known as Bonji or shittan. The Taishō Tripiṭaka version of the Chinese Buddhist canon preserves the characters for most mantras, and Korean Buddhists still write bījas in a modified form of . A recent innovation is the writing of Japanese language slogans on T-shirts using Bonji. Japanese has evolved from the original script used to write sūtras and is now somewhat different from the ancient script.

It is typical to see written with a brush, as with Chinese writing; it is also written with a bamboo pen. In Japan, a special brush called a bokuhitsu is used for formal calligraphy. The informal style is known as "fude".

Siddhaṃ fonts

is still largely a hand written script. Some efforts have been made to create computer fonts, though to date none of these are capable of reproducing all of the conjunct consonants. Notably, the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Texts Association has created a font for their electronic version of the Taisho , though this does not contain all possible conjuncts. The software Mojikyo also contains fonts for Siddhaṃ, but split Siddhaṃ in different blocks and requires multiple fonts to render a single document.

A input system which relies on the CBETA font Siddhamkey 3.0 has been produced.

Unicode

Main article: Siddham (Unicode block)

Siddhaṃ script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.

The Unicode block for Siddhaṃ is U+11580–U+115FF:

Gallery

This is a gallery of example usages of the Siddham script. File:Falongsibeiye.svg|A reproduction of the palm-leaf manuscript in Siddham script, originally held at Hōryū-ji Temple, Japan; now located in the Tokyo National Museum at the Gallery of Hōryū—ji Treasure. The original copy may be the earliest extant Sanskrit manuscript of the Heart Sutra dated to the 7th–8th century CE. It also contains the Sanskrit text of the Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra and the final line shows the Siddhaṃ abugida. File:Pratisara Mantra1.png|Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Pratisara mantra, from the Later Tang. 927 CE File:MahaPratyangira Mantra.png|Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Mahāpratyaṅgirā mantra. 971 CE File:Siddham Bijakshara A.jpg|Siddhaṃ Bijakshara A, Daishō-in, Miyajima File:Mirror with bijaksharas.jpg|Mirror with bijaksharas, Miyajima File:Asakusa Temple Usnisa Vijaya Dharani Sutra Inscription.png|A stone inscription of the Buddhist Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra at Asakusa Temple in Tokyo using Siddham script. File:Siddham alphabet by Kukai.svg|Siddhaṃ alphabet by Kūkai (774–835) File:Siddham kawasaki daishi temple.png|A Buddhist altar in Kawasaki, Japan showing a devotional mantra inscribed in Siddham to Shakyamuni Buddha with Japanese pronunciation guide File:梵漢阿弥陀経 Amida Sutra in Kanji and Sanskrit Characters.jpg|Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra written in katakana, Siddhaṃ scripts and kanji. This book was published in 1773 in Japan.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

• Bonji Taikan (梵字大鑑). (Tōkyō: Meicho Fukyūkai, 1983)
• Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (1998). Siddham in China and Japan, Sino-Platonic papers No. 88
• Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. (Boston, MA: Shambala, 1995.)
• Van Gulik, R.H. Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan (New Delhi, Jayyed Press, 1981).
• Yamasaki, Taikō. Shingon: Japanese Esoteric Buddhism. (Fresno: Shingon Buddhist International Institute, 1988.)
• Chandra, Lokesh (1965) Sanskrit bījas and mantras in Japan, New Delhi , International Academy of Indian Culture, BQ5125.B5 A75 1965

References

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