Pontic–Caspian steppe

Geography and ecology

The Pontic–Caspian steppe covers an area of 994,000 sqkm of Central and Eastern Europe, that extends from northeastern Bulgaria and southeastern Romania, through Moldova, and southern and eastern Ukraine, through the Northern Caucasus of southern Russia, and into the Lower Volga region of western Kazakhstan, to the east of the Ural Mountains. The steppe is bounded by the East European forest steppe to the north, a transitional zone of mixed grasslands and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests.

To the south, the steppe extends to the Black Sea, except the Crimean and western Caucasus mountains' border with the sea, where the Crimean Submediterranean forest complex defines the southern edge of the steppes. The steppe extends to the western shore of the Caspian Sea in the Dagestan region of Russia, but the drier Caspian lowland desert lies between the steppe and the northwestern and northern shores of the Caspian. The Kazakh Steppe bounds the steppe to the east.

The Ponto-Caspian seas are the remains of the Turgai Sea, an extension of the Paratethys which extended south and east of the Urals and covering much of today's West Siberian Plain in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.

Prehistoric cultures

Innumerable tribes, cultures, nations, kingdoms, empires, etc. had origins in Pontic Caspian Steppes including:

• Linear Pottery culture 5500–4500 BCE
• Cucuteni-Trypillian culture 5300–2600 BCE
• Khvalynsk culture 5000–3500 BCE
• Sredny Stog culture 4500–3500 BCE
• Maykop culture 3700–3000 BCE
• Mykhailivka culture 3600—3000 BCE
• Yamnaya/Kurgan cultures 3500–2300 BCE
• Kura-Araxes culture 3000–2000 BCE
• Catacomb culture 3000–2200 BCE
• Srubna culture 1600–1200 BCE
• Koban culture 1100–400 BCE
• Novocherkassk culture 900–650 BCE

Historical peoples and nations

Innumerable tribes, cultures, nations, kingdoms, empires, etc. had origins in the Pontic Caspian Steppes including:

• Indo-Europeans 4th millennium BCE – now
• Cimmerians 12th–7th centuries BCE
• Dacians and Thracians (Getae) 11th century BCE – 3rd century CE
• Scythians 8th–4th centuries BCE
• Sarmatians 5th century BCE – 5th century CE
• Ostrogoths 3rd–6th centuries
• Huns and Avars 4th–8th centuries
• Bulgars, Onogurs, and Bulgarians 4th–21st centuries:
  • Great Bulgaria 7th century
  • First Bulgarian Empire 7th–11th centuries
  • Second Bulgarian Empire 12th–15th centuries
    • Principality of Karvuna
• Alans 5th–11th centuries
• Eurasian Avars 6th–8th centuries
• Göktürks 6th–8th centuries
• Sabirs 6th–8th centuries
• Khazars 6th–11th centuries
• Magyar tribes (Hungarians) 7th–9th centuries attested but probably from earlier
• Rus' people (Kievan Rus') 8th–13th centuries
• Pechenegs 8th–11th centuries
• Kipchaks and Cumans 11th–13th centuries
• Turkic Golden Horde 13th–15th centuries
• Cossacks, Kalmyks, Crimean Khanate, Volga Tatars, Nogais, and other Turkic states and tribes 15th–18th centuries
• Russian Empire 16th–20th centuries
• Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 19th–20th centuries
• Soviet Union 20th century
• Ukraine, Moldova, Southern Russia, Kazakhstan 21st century

References

References

1. "Mystery Of Horse Domestication Solved?".
2. Anthony, David W.. (2010). "The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World". Princeton University Press.
3. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature.
4. (4 April 2017). "Steppe migrant thugs pacified by Stone Age farming women". Faculty of Science – University of Copenhagen.
5. "The Proto-Turkic Urheimat and the Early Migrations of Turkic Peoples".