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New York's 8th congressional district
U.S. House district for New York
U.S. House district for New York
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| state | New York |
| district number | 8 |
| image name | |
| image caption | Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2025 |
| representative | Hakeem Jeffries |
| party | Democratic |
| residence | Brooklyn |
| percent urban | 100 |
| population | 739,447 |
| population year | 2024 |
| median income | $63,052 |
| percent white | 27.4 |
| percent hispanic | 16.2 |
| percent black | 42.2 |
| percent asian | 8.8 |
| percent more than one race | 4.3 |
| percent other race | 1.1 |
| cpvi | D+24 |
| percent more than one race = 4.3
New York's 8th congressional district for the U.S. House of Representatives is in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is currently represented by Representative Hakeem Jeffries, the House Minority Leader.
From 1993 to 2013, the district covered much of the west side of Manhattan, and western coastal sections of Brooklyn. However, after decennial redistricting, it was redrawn to take in much of the territory previously in the 10th district. It now encompasses majority African-American and Caribbean-American Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brownsville, Canarsie, East New York, Ocean Hill, Spring Creek, and East Flatbush; the mostly white neighborhoods of Bergen Beach, Gerritsen Beach, Howard Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, and Sea Gate; and mixed neighborhoods like Clinton Hill, Flatlands, Fort Greene, Ozone Park, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. Most of the old 8th was renumbered as the 10th.
Recent election results from statewide races
| Year | Office | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | President | Obama 82% - 18% | |
| 2012 | President | Obama 86% - 14% | |
| 2016 | President | Clinton 80% - 18% | |
| Senate | Schumer 87% - 11% | ||
| 2018 | Senate | Gillibrand 86% - 14% | |
| Governor | Cuomo 84% - 14% | ||
| Attorney General | James 85% - 14% | ||
| 2020 | President | Biden 77% - 22% | |
| 2022 | Senate | Schumer 74% - 25% | |
| Governor | Hochul 72% - 28% | ||
| Attorney General | James 73% - 27% | ||
| Comptroller | DiNapoli 74% - 26% | ||
| 2024 | President | Harris 71% - 27% | |
| Senate | Gillibrand 75% - 25% |
History
1913–1963: :Parts of Brooklyn 1963–1983: :Parts of Queens 1983–1993: :Parts of Bronx, Nassau, Queens 1993–2013: :Parts of Brooklyn, Manhattan 2013–2023: :Parts of Brooklyn, Queens 2023–present: :Parts of Brooklyn
Various New York districts have been numbered "8" over the years, including areas in New York City and various parts of upstate New York. The state's congressional districts had been redrawn in a manner that puts much of the territory of the old 10th Congressional district into the new 8th Congressional district. The election had a few competitors for what was then an open seat, with the 10th incumbent congressman Edolphus Towns retiring. State assemblyman Hakeem Jeffries faced off against New York City Councilman Charles Barron. Jeffries won the primary and ultimately the general election.
Current composition
The 8th district is located entirely in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Brooklyn neighborhoods in the district include:
- Bedford-Stuyvesant
- Bergen Beach
- Brighton Beach
- Brownsville
- Canarsie
- Coney Island
- City Line
- East New York
- Gerritsen Beach
- Gravesend
- Homecrest
- Manhattan Beach
- Marine Park
- Mill Basin
- New Lots
- Ocean Hill
- Sea Gate
- Sheepshead Bay
- Spring Creek
- Starrett City
List of members representing the district
1793–1833: one seat
| Representative | Party | Years | Cong | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ress | Electoral history | Location | |||
| District established March 4, 1793 | |||||
| Henry Glen | |||||
| (Schenectady) | Pro-Administration | nowrap | March 4, 1793 – | ||
| March 3, 1795 | Elected in 1793. | ||||
| Re-elected in 1794. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1796. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1798. | |||||
| Lost re-election. | 1793–1803 | ||||
| Federalist | nowrap | March 4, 1795 – | |||
| March 3, 1801 | |||||
| [[File:Kiliaen K Van Rensselaer Semirestored.png | 100px]] | ||||
| Killian K. Van Rensselaer | |||||
| (Albany) | Federalist | nowrap | March 4, 1801 – | ||
| March 3, 1803 | Elected in 1800. | ||||
| Redistricted to the . | |||||
| [[File:Henry Walter Livingston.jpg | 100px]] | ||||
| Henry W. Livingston | |||||
| (Livingston) | Federalist | nowrap | March 4, 1803 – | ||
| March 3, 1807 | Elected in 1802. | ||||
| Re-elected in 1804. | |||||
| 1803–1813 | |||||
| James I. Van Alen | |||||
| (Kinderhook) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1807 – | ||
| March 3, 1809 | Elected in 1806. | ||||
| Lost re-election. | |||||
| John Thompson | |||||
| (Stillwater) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1809 – | ||
| March 3, 1811 | Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1808. | ||||
| Benjamin Pond | |||||
| (Schroon) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1811 – | ||
| March 3, 1813 | Elected in 1810. | ||||
| [[File:Samuel Sherwood (New York Congressman).jpg | 100px]] | ||||
| Samuel Sherwood | |||||
| (Delhi) | Federalist | nowrap | March 4, 1813 – | ||
| March 3, 1815 | Elected in 1812. | ||||
| 1813–1823 | |||||
| Delaware and Greene counties | |||||
| Vacant | nowrap | March 4, 1815 – | |||
| December 26, 1815 | Credentials had been issued for John Adams (Fed.), but Adams did not take or claim the seat, see 1814 United States House of Representatives elections in New York. | ||||
| [[File:'Portrait of General Erastus Root' by Rembrandt Peale, High Museum.JPG | 100px]] | ||||
| Erastus Root | |||||
| (Delhi) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | December 26, 1815 – | ||
| March 3, 1817 | Successfully contested Adams's election. | ||||
| Dorrance Kirtland | |||||
| (Coxsackie) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1817 – | ||
| March 3, 1819 | Elected in 1816. | ||||
| Robert Clark | |||||
| (Delhi) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1819 – | ||
| March 3, 1821 | Elected in 1818. | ||||
| Vacant | nowrap | March 4, 1821 – | |||
| December 3, 1821 | Elections were held in April 1821. It is unclear when results were announced or credentials issued. | ||||
| Richard McCarty | |||||
| (Coxsackie) | Democratic-Republican | nowrap | December 3, 1821 – | ||
| March 3, 1823 | Elected in 1821. | ||||
| James Strong | |||||
| (Hudson) | Adams-Clay Federalist | nowrap | March 4, 1823 – | ||
| March 3, 1825 | Elected in 1822. | ||||
| Re-elected in 1824. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1826. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1828. | |||||
| 1823–1833 | |||||
| Columbia County | |||||
| Anti-Jacksonian | nowrap | March 4, 1825 – | |||
| March 3, 1831 | |||||
| John King | |||||
| (New Lebanon) | Jacksonian | nowrap | March 4, 1831 – | ||
| March 3, 1833 | Elected in 1830. | ||||
1833–1843: two seats
From 1833 to 1843, two seats were apportioned to the district, elected at-large on a general ticket.
| Cong | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ress | Years | Seat A | Seat B | Representative | Party | Electoral history | Representative | Party | Electoral history | ||
| nowrap | March 4, 1833 – | ||||||||||
| March 3, 1835 | [[File:John Adams (New York).jpg | 100px]] | |||||||||
| John Adams | |||||||||||
| (Catskill) | Jacksonian | Elected in 1832. | [[File:Aaron Vanderpoel.jpg | 100px]] | |||||||
| Aaron Vanderpoel | |||||||||||
| (Kinderhook) | Jacksonian | Elected in 1832. | |||||||||
| nowrap | March 4, 1835 – | ||||||||||
| March 3, 1837 | Valentine Efner | ||||||||||
| (Jefferson) | Jacksonian | Elected in 1834. | Re-elected in 1834. | ||||||||
| Lost re-election. | |||||||||||
| nowrap | March 4, 1837 – | ||||||||||
| March 3, 1839 | [[File:Zadock Pratt clean.jpg | 100px]] | |||||||||
| Zadock Pratt | |||||||||||
| (Prattsville) | Democratic | Elected in 1836. | |||||||||
| Retired. | Robert McClellan | ||||||||||
| (Middleburgh) | Democratic | Elected in 1836 | |||||||||
| nowrap | March 4, 1839 – | ||||||||||
| March 3, 1841 | John Ely | ||||||||||
| (Coxsackie) | Democratic | Elected in 1838. | [[File:Aaron Vanderpoel.jpg | 100px]] | |||||||
| Aaron Vanderpoel | |||||||||||
| (Kinderhook) | Democratic | Elected in 1838. | |||||||||
| Retired. | |||||||||||
| nowrap | March 4, 1841 – | ||||||||||
| March 3, 1843 | Jacob Houck Jr. | ||||||||||
| (Schoharie) | Democratic | Elected in 1840. | Robert McClellan | ||||||||
| (Hudson) | Democratic | Elected in 1840. |
1843–present: one seat
The 8th district was a Queens-based seat until the 1992 redistricting. At that time much of the old 8th district became the 5th district. The new 8th district was created by cobbling together portions of the Manhattan-based 17th district and the 13th district in Brooklyn.
| Representative | Party | Years | Cong | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ress | Electoral history | District location | ||||
| Richard D. Davis | ||||||
| (Poughkeepsie) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1843 – | |||
| March 3, 1845 | Redistricted from 5th district and re-elected in 1842. | |||||
| William W. Woodworth | ||||||
| (Hyde Park) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1845 – | |||
| March 3, 1847 | Elected in 1844. | |||||
| Cornelius Warren | ||||||
| (Cold Spring) | Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1847 – | |||
| March 3, 1849 | Elected in 1846. | |||||
| [[File:Ransom Halloway.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Ransom Halloway | ||||||
| (Beekman) | Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1849 – | |||
| March 3, 1851 | Elected in 1848. | |||||
| [[File:Gilbert Dean.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Gilbert Dean | ||||||
| (Poughkeepsie) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1851 – | |||
| March 3, 1853 | Elected in 1850. | |||||
| Redistricted to 12th district | ||||||
| [[File:Francis B. Cutting.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Francis B. Cutting | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1853 – | |||
| March 3, 1855 | Elected in 1852. | |||||
| [[File:Abram Wakeman.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Abram Wakeman | ||||||
| (New York) | Whig | nowrap | March 4, 1855 – | |||
| March 3, 1857 | Elected in 1854. | |||||
| [[File:Horace Clark.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Horace F. Clark | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1857 – | |||
| March 3, 1859 | Elected in 1856. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1858. | ||||||
| Anti-Lecompton Democrat | nowrap | March 4, 1859 – | ||||
| March 3, 1861 | ||||||
| Isaac C. Delaplaine | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1861 – | |||
| March 3, 1863 | Elected in 1860. | |||||
| [[File:Hon. James Brooks (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| James Brooks | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1863 – | |||
| April 7, 1866 | Elected in 1862. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1864. | ||||||
| [[File:WilliamEDodge.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| William E. Dodge | ||||||
| (New York) | Republican | nowrap | April 7, 1866 – | |||
| March 3, 1867 | Successfully contested election of James Brooks to the 39th Congress | |||||
| [[File:Hon. James Brooks (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| James Brooks | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1867 – | |||
| March 3, 1873 | Elected in 1866. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1868. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1870. | ||||||
| Redistricted to 6th district | ||||||
| John D. Lawson | ||||||
| (New York) | Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1873 – | |||
| March 3, 1875 | Elected in 1872. | |||||
| [[File:Elijah Ward - Brady-Handy.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Elijah Ward | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1875 – | |||
| March 3, 1877 | Elected in 1874. | |||||
| [[File:Anson G. McCook - Brady-Handy.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Anson G. McCook | ||||||
| (New York) | Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1877 – | |||
| March 3, 1883 | Elected in 1876. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1878. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1880. | ||||||
| John J. Adams | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1883 – | |||
| March 3, 1885 | Redistricted from 7th district and re-elected in 1882. | |||||
| [[File:SSCox.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Samuel S. Cox | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1885 – | |||
| May 20, 1885 | Elected in 1884. | |||||
| Resigned to become Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | May 20, 1885 – | ||||
| November 3, 1885 | ||||||
| [[File:Timothy J. Campbell.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Timothy J. Campbell | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | November 3, 1885 – | |||
| March 3, 1889 | Elected to finish Cox's term. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1886. | ||||||
| [[File:John Henry McCarthy.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| John H. McCarthy | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1889 – | |||
| January 14, 1891 | Elected in 1888. | |||||
| Resigned to become Justice of the City Court of New York City | ||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | January 14, 1891 – | ||||
| March 3, 1891 | ||||||
| [[File:Timothy J. Campbell.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Timothy J. Campbell | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1891 – | |||
| March 3, 1893 | Elected in 1890. | |||||
| [[File:Edward J. Dunphy.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Edward J. Dunphy | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1893 – | |||
| March 3, 1895 | Redistricted from 7th district and re-elected in 1892. | |||||
| [[File:James Joseph Walsh.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| James J. Walsh | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1895 – | |||
| June 2, 1896 | Elected in 1894. | |||||
| Unseated in contested election. | ||||||
| [[File:John Murry Mitchell.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| John M. Mitchell | ||||||
| (New York) | Republican | nowrap | June 2, 1896 – | |||
| March 3, 1899 | Successfully contested election of James J. Walsh. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1896. | ||||||
| [[File:Daniel J. Rioridan, 1912 bw photo portrait.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Daniel J. Riordan | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1899 – | |||
| March 3, 1901 | Elected in 1898. | |||||
| [[File:Thomas J. Creamer.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Thomas J. Creamer | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1901 – | |||
| March 3, 1903 | Elected in 1900. | |||||
| [[File:TimothySullivan.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Timothy D. Sullivan | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1903 – | |||
| July 27, 1906 | Elected in 1902. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1904. | ||||||
| Resigned. | ||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | July 27, 1906 – | ||||
| November 6, 1906 | ||||||
| [[File:Daniel J. Rioridan, 1912 bw photo portrait (cropped).jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Daniel J. Riordan | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | nowrap | November 6, 1906 – | |||
| March 3, 1913 | Elected to finish Sullivan's term. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1906. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1908. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1910. | ||||||
| Redistricted to 11th district. | ||||||
| [[File:Daniel J Griffin.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Daniel J. Griffin | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1913 – | |||
| December 31, 1917 | Elected in 1912. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1914. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1916. | ||||||
| Resigned on election as sheriff of Kings County. | ||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | January 1, 1918 – | ||||
| March 5, 1918 | ||||||
| [[File:William E. Cleary.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| William E. Cleary | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | March 5, 1918 – | |||
| March 3, 1921 | Elected in 1918. | |||||
| [[File:Charles G. Bond.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Charles G. Bond | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Republican | nowrap | March 4, 1921 – | |||
| March 3, 1923 | Elected in 1920. | |||||
| Lost re-election. | ||||||
| [[File:William E. Cleary.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| William E. Cleary | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1923 – | |||
| March 3, 1927 | Elected in 1922. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1924. | ||||||
| [[File:Patrick J. Carley.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Patrick J. Carley | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | March 4, 1927 – | |||
| January 3, 1935 | Elected in 1926. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1928. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1930. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1932. | ||||||
| [[File:Richard J. Tonry.png | 100px]] | |||||
| Richard J. Tonry | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1935 – | |||
| January 3, 1937 | Elected in 1934. | |||||
| [[File:Donald L O'Toole.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Donald L. O'Toole | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1937 – | |||
| January 3, 1945 | Elected in 1936. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1938. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1940. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1942. | ||||||
| Redistricted to 13th district | ||||||
| [[File:Joseph L. Pfeifer.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Joseph L. Pfeifer | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1945 – | |||
| January 3, 1951 | Redistricted from 3rd district and re-elected in 1944. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1946. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1948. | ||||||
| [[File:Victor Anfuso.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Victor Anfuso | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1951 – | |||
| January 3, 1953 | Elected in 1950. | |||||
| Retired. | ||||||
| [[File:Louis B. Heller.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Louis B. Heller | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1953 – | |||
| July 21, 1954 | Redistricted from 7th district and re-elected in 1952. | |||||
| Resigned. | ||||||
| Vacant | nowrap | July 22, 1954 – | ||||
| January 2, 1955 | ||||||
| [[File:Victor Anfuso.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Victor Anfuso | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1955 – | |||
| January 3, 1963 | Elected in 1954. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1956. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1958. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1960. | ||||||
| Retired to run for New York Supreme Court | ||||||
| [[File:Benjamin S. Rosenthal.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Benjamin Rosenthal | ||||||
| (Queens) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1963 – | |||
| January 3, 1983 | Redistricted from 6th district and re-elected in 1962. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1964. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1966. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1968. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1970. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1972. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1974. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1976. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1978. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1980. | ||||||
| Redistricted to 7th district | ||||||
| [[File:James H Scheuer.jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| James H. Scheuer | ||||||
| (Queens) | Democratic | nowrap | January 3, 1983 – | |||
| January 3, 1993 | Redistricted from 11th district and re-elected in 1982. | |||||
| Re-elected in 1984. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1986. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1988. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1990. | ||||||
| Retired. | ||||||
| [[File:Jerrold Nadler official photo (crop).jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Jerry Nadler | ||||||
| (New York) | Democratic | January 3, 1993 – | ||||
| January 3, 2013 | Redistricted from 17th district | |||||
| and elected to full term in 1992. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1994. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1996. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 1998. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2000. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2002. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2004. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2006. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2008. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2010. | ||||||
| Redistricted to 10th district. | 1993–2003 | |||||
| 2003–2013 | ||||||
| Parts of Brooklyn, Manhattan | ||||||
| [[File:New York District 08 109th US Congress.png | 300px]] | |||||
| [[File:Rep-Hakeem-Jeffries-Official-Portrait_(cropped).jpg | 100px]] | |||||
| Hakeem Jeffries | ||||||
| (Brooklyn) | Democratic | January 3, 2013 – | ||||
| present | Elected in 2012. | |||||
| Re-elected in 2014. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2016. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2018. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2020. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2022. | ||||||
| Re-elected in 2024. | 2013–2023 | |||||
| Parts of Brooklyn, Queens | ||||||
| [[File:New York US Congressional District 8 (since 2013).tif | 300px]] | |||||
| 2023–2025 | ||||||
| Parts of Brooklyn | ||||||
| [[File:New York's 8th congressional district (new version) (since 2023).svg | 300px]] | |||||
| 2025–present | ||||||
| Parts of Brooklyn | ||||||
| [[File:New York's 8th congressional district (new version) (since 2025).svg | 300px]] |
Recent election results
In New York electoral politics there are numerous minor parties at various points on the political spectrum. Certain parties will invariably endorse either the Republican or Democratic candidate for every office, hence the state electoral results contain both the party votes, and the final candidate votes (Listed as "Recap").
Notes
References
- Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
- Election date from the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
References
- (June 8, 2017). "New York congressional districts by urban and rural population and land area". United States Census Bureau.
- "My Congressional District".
- (2025-04-03). "2025 Cook PVI℠: District Map and List (119th Congress)".
- (March 16, 2012). ""Substantially the same"? Redistricting maps tell a different story than Cuomo's". The New York World.
- "Dra 2020".
- "The People's Republic faces a great challenge! - New York Amsterdam News: Opinion".
- "New York Congressional Primaries - Election Results". The New York Times.
- "2012 New York House Results".
- (2022-10-18). "Hey, New Yorkers: Meet Your Neighborhood's New Congressional District". The New York Times.
- (1871). "November Election, 1870. Complete Statement of the Official Canvass, in Detail of the Election Held November 8, 1870, Giving the Vote of Each Election District, with Proceedings of County And State...".
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