Littlewood's three principles of real analysis

The principles

Littlewood stated the principles in his 1944 Lectures on the Theory of Functions as:

The first principle is based on the fact that the [inner measure and outer measure are equal for measurable sets, the second is based on Lusin's theorem, and the third is based on Egorov's theorem.

Example

Littlewood's three principles are quoted in several real analysis texts, for example Royden, | url-access = limited Bressoud, and Stein & Shakarchi. | access-date = 2008-07-03

Royden gives the bounded convergence theorem as an application of the third principle. The theorem states that if a uniformly bounded sequence of functions converges pointwise, then their integrals on a set of finite measure converge to the integral of the limit function. If the convergence were uniform this would be a trivial result, and Littlewood's third principle tells us that the convergence is almost uniform, that is, uniform outside of a set of arbitrarily small measure. Because the sequence is bounded, the contribution to the integrals of the small set can be made arbitrarily small, and the integrals on the remainder converge because the functions are uniformly convergent there.

Notes

References

1. Royden (1988), p. 84