Kütahya

History

Bronze Age

Although the exact date of its establishment cannot be determined, its history dates back to 3000 BC. According to old sources, the ancient name of Kütahya was Kotiaeon, Cotiaeum and Koti.

Iron Age

In the Iron Age the province was settled by the Phrygians. The Phrygians, who came to Anatolia in 1200 BC, entered the lands of the Hittite Empire and organized as a state. In 676 BC, the Cimmerians defeated the Phrygian King Midas III and dominated the area and its surroundings. During the time when Alyattes was the King of Lydia, the Cimmerian rule was replaced by the Lydian rule.

Classical Age

In 334 BC, Alexander the Great, who defeated the Persians near the Biga River, established dominance in the region. With the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Kütahya and its region passed to one of his commanders, Antigonos. In 133 BC, Cotyaion/Kotyaion (Greek: Κοτύαιον) came under Roman rule and was called Cotyaeum.Cotyaeum became part of the Roman province of Phrygia Salutaris, but in about 820 became the capital of the new province of Phrygia Salutaris III.

Byzantine Period

Church history

The most famous event of Christian Church history in Kütahya is the martyrdom of Menas the Great Martyr and Wonderworker. The future saint Menas was born in 285 AD into a Christian family in Niceous, Egypt. He became a professional soldier in the Roman Legion at age 15 and served in Phrygia during the reign of Emperor Diocletian (284-305 AD). In 298, the Roman emperor published an edict ordering everyone to worship and sacrifice the Roman gods and the Legions were ordered to capture and persecute Christians. As a Christian, Menas could not sacrifice to the Roman gods or persecute his fellow Christians, so he threw down his soldiers belt (a symbol of rank) and left the military after three years of service. Menas went to a deserted mountain as a hermit to devote his whole life to Christ. In 304 C.E. after 5 years of desert solitude, Menas came Cotyaeum during a feast to Roman god and declared that he was Christian before Pyrrhus, the Prefect of Phrygia. The Prefect imprisoned Menas and ordered his torture and beheading on a rock outside the city that is still remembered in Kütahya today.

After becoming the capital of Phrygia Salutaris, the bishopric of Cotyaeum changed from being a suffragan of Synnada to a metropolitan see, although with only three suffragan sees according to the Notitia Episcopatuum of Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-912), which is dated to around 901–902. According to the 6th-century historian John Malalas, Cyrus of Panopolis, who had been prefect of the city of Constantinople, was sent there as bishop by Emperor Theodosius II (408-50), after four bishops of the city had been killed. (Two other sources make Cyrus bishop of Smyrna instead.) The bishopric of Cotyaeum was headed in 431 by Domnius, who attended the Council of Ephesus, and in 451 by Marcianus, who was at the Council of Chalcedon. A source cited by Le Quien says that a bishop of Cotyaeum named Eusebius was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553. Cosmas was at the Third Council of Constantinople in 680–681. Ioannes, a deacon, represented an unnamed bishop of Cotyaeum at the Trullan Council in 692. Bishop Constantinus was at the Second Council of Nicaea in 692, and Bishop Anthimus at the Photian Council of Constantinople (879), No longer a residential bishopric, Cotyaeum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Justinian's fortifications

Under the reign of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I the town was fortified with a double-line of walls and citadel.

Fall to the Seljuks, Germiyanids, Timurids and Ottomans

In 1071 Cotyaeum briefly fell to the Seljuks, but was later recaptured by the Byzantines. The city was sacked by the Seljuks sometime after 1180, following the death of emperor Manuel I Komnenos. It was captured by the Germiyanids and later by Timur-Leng, until it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1428.

Ottoman Period

It was initially the center of Anatolia Eyalet until 1827, when the Hüdavendigâr Eyalet was formed. It was later center of the sancak within the borders of the Hüdavendigâr Vilayet in 1867. Troops of Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt briefly occupied it in 1833.

Armenian ceramics

During this time a large number of Christian Armenians settled in Kotyaion/Kütahya, where they came to dominate the tile-making and ceramic-ware production. Kütahya emerged as a renowned center for the Ottoman ceramic industry, producing tiles and faience for mosques, churches, and official buildings in places all over the Middle East. The craft industry of Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem was started by Armenian ceramicist , master of a Kütahya workshop between 1907 and 1915, who was deported from Kütahya in early 1916, during the Armenian genocide, and rediscovered, living as a refugee in Aleppo in 1918, by Sir Mark Sykes, a former patron. Sykes connected him to the new military governor of Jerusalem, Sir Ronald Storrs, and arranged for Ohannessian to travel to Jerusalem to participate in a planned British restoration of the Dome of the Rock.

Today two families originating from Kutahya, the Balian and Karakashian families continue the tradition of Armenian Ceramics in East Jerusalem. The Balian studio is known under the name the Armenian Ceramics -Balian and that is where the late Marie Balian transformed the art of ceramic tile murals to a much higher level of art than imagined.

Fortifications

The fortifications of the city and its environs, which were vital to the security and economic prosperity of the region, were built and rebuilt from antiquity through the Ottoman period. However, the dates assigned to the many periods of construction and the assessment of the military architecture are open to various interpretations.

Late 19th-early 20th century history

At the end of the nineteenth century the population of the kaza of Kütahya numbered 120,333, of which 4,050 were Greeks, 2,533 Armenians, 754 Catholics, and the remainder Turks and other Muslim ethnicities. Kütahya and the district itself were spared the ravages of the Armenian genocide of 1915, when the Ottoman governor, Faruk Ali Bey, went to extreme lengths to protect the Armenian population from being uprooted and sent away on death marches. However, Faruk Ali Bey was removed from office in March 1916, and the city's Armenian community suffered in the aftermath under the rule of his successor, Ahmet Mufti Bey. Kütahya was occupied by the Greek Army on 17 July 1921 after Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir during the Turkish War of Independence and was then captured in ruins by the Turkish Army after the Battle of Dumlupınar during the Great Offensive on 30 August 1922.

Economy

The industries of Kütahya have long traditions, going back to ancient times.

Kütahya is famous for its kiln products, such as tiles and pottery, which are glazed and multicoloured. Modern industries are sugar refining, tanning, nitrate processing and different products of meerschaum, which is extracted nearby.

In the Ottoman period, Kütahya was a major cotton production center of the empire. Modern local agricultural industry produces cereals, fruits and sugar beet. In addition stock raising is of much importance. Not far from Kütahya there are important mines extracting lignite.

Kütahya is linked by rail and road with Balıkesir 250 km to the west, İstanbul 360km to the northwest, Konya 450 km to the southeast, Eskişehir 70 km northeast and Ankara 300 km east.

Traditional ceramics

A small ewer, now in the British Museum, gave its name to a category of similar blue and white fritware pottery known as 'Abraham of Kütahya ware'. It has an inscription in Armenian script under the glaze on its base stating that it commemorated Abraham of Kütahya with a date of 1510. In 1957 Arthur Lane published an influential article in which he reviewed the history of pottery production in the region and proposed that 'Abraham of Kütahya' ware was produced from 1490 until around 1525, 'Damascus' and 'Golden Horn' ware were produced from 1525 until 1555 and 'Rhodian' ware from around 1555 until the demise of the İznik pottery industry at the beginning of the 18th century. This chronology has been generally accepted.

Climate

Kütahya has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb), or a temperate continental climate (Trewartha climate classification: Dc), with chilly, wet, often snowy winters and warm, dry summers. Precipitation occurs mostly during the winter and spring, but can be observed throughout the year.

The highest recorded temperature was 41.4 C on 15 August 2023, while the lowest recorded temperature was -28.1 C on 29 December 1948.{{cite web

|Jan record high C = 19.1 |Feb record high C = 24.2 |Mar record high C = 27.0 |Apr record high C = 30.2 |May record high C = 34.3 |Jun record high C = 36.2 |Jul record high C = 39.5 |Aug record high C = 41.4 |Sep record high C = 38.4 |Oct record high C = 31.9 |Nov record high C = 26.0 |Dec record high C = 21.7 |year record high C = 39.5 |Jan record low C = -26.3 |Feb record low C = -27.4 |Mar record low C = -16.6 |Apr record low C = -7.8 |May record low C = -2.8 |Jun record low C = 0.5 |Jul record low C = 2.6 |Aug record low C = -0.2 |Sep record low C = -3.9 |Oct record low C = -6.9 |Nov record low C = -11.0 |Dec record low C = -28.1 |year record low C = -28.1 | access-date = 1 May 2021}} | access-date = 28 July 2024}} Meteomanz(snow days 2003-2023)

Culture

Kütahya's old neighbourhoods are dominated by traditional Ottoman houses made of wood and stucco, some of the best examples being found along Germiyan Caddesi. It has many historical mosques such as Ulu Camii, Cinili Camii, Balikli Camii and Donenler Camii. The Şengül Hamamı is a famous Turkish bath located in the city

The town preserves some ancient ruins, a Byzantine castle and church. During late centuries Kütahya has been renowned for its Turkish earthenware, of which fine specimens may be seen at the national capital. The Kütahya Museum has a fine collection of arts and cultural artifacts from the area, the house where Hungarian statesman Lajos Kossuth lived in exile between 1850 and 1851 is preserved as a museum.http://www.rodosto.hu/en/kutahya.html File:Kutahya Sultanbagi Region 8791.jpg|Kütahya Old houses in Sultanbağı region File:Kutahya Sultanbagi Region 8933.jpg|Kütahya Old houses in Sultanbağı region File:Kutahya City Museum 9080.jpg|Kütahya City Museum File:Kutahya City Museum 9089.jpg|Kütahya City Museum Felt maker File:Kutahya City Museum 9093.jpg|Kütahya City Museum Saddle maker File:Kutahya City Museum october 2018 9119.jpg|Kütahya City Museum Biscuit maker File:Kutahya archaeological museum 1002.jpg|Kütahya archaeological museum Stele File:Kutahya Ceramics museum 1002.jpg|Kutahya Ceramics museum File:Kutahya Ceramics museum 1781.jpg|Kutahya Ceramics museum Figurines File:Kutahya Kossuth Museum 8747.jpg|Kütahya Lajos Kossuth house File:Kutahya Kossuth Museum 8767.jpg|Kütahya Lajos Kossuth house File:Kutahya Ulu Cami 9050.jpg|Kütahya Ulu Cami File:Kutahya Dönenler Cami 1835.jpg|Kutahya Dönenler Mosque File:Kutahya Dönenler Cami 1840.jpg|Kütahya Dönenler Mosque File:Kutahya Castle Hill 8800 Panorama.jpg|Kütahya Castle Hill

Education

The Main Campus and the Germiyan Campus of the Kütahya Dumlupınar University are located in the city.

Transport

The main bus station has bus links to most major Turkish cities. Zafer Airport is active. Kütahya is also the main railroad endpoint for the Aegean region.

International relations

Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Kütahya is twinned with:

• Russia Bavly, Tatarstan, Russia
• India Bikaner, India
• Hungary Pécs, Hungary
• China Anqing, China
• Lebanon Danniyeh, Lebanon

Notable people

• Alexander of Cotiaeum (c.70-80CE – c.150CE), Greek grammarian
• Evliya Çelebi (1611–1682), traveler and author.
• Komitas (1869–1935), Armenian composer, musicologist
• Âsım Gündüz (1889–1970), military officer in Ottoman and Turkish armies
• Hisarlı Ahmet (1908–1984), ashik (folk poet-singer)
• Mustafa Kalemli (born 1943), politician
• Ayla Dikmen (1944–1990), singer
• Abdullah Aymaz (born 1949), writer, journalist
• Aydilge Sarp (born 1979), singer
• Halil Akkaş (born 1983), middle-distance runner
• Özge Kırdar (born 1985), volleyball player
• Veli Kızılkaya (born 1985), football player
• Danla Bilic (born 1994), internet personality
• Hande Baladın (born 1997), volleyball player

Gallery

File:Rüstem paşa medresesi.jpg|Rüstem Pasha Madrasa File:Kütahya çinili cami şadırvanı.JPG|Tiled Mosque File:Evliya çelebi'nin evi müzesi.JPG|Evliya Çelebi Museum File:Anasultan türbesi2.jpg|Mother Sultan File:Kütahya,kale - panoramio.jpg|Kütahya Castle File:Kütahya hükûmet konağı.jpg|Government House File:Kütahya ulu cami doğu.JPG|Grand Mosque

References

Sources

References

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5. Gelzer, ''op. cit.'', p. 559, nnº 650-653.
6. {{Oriens christianus
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12. [[Richard G. Hovannisian. Hovannisian, Richard G.]] and Armen Manuk-Khaloyan, "The Armenian Communities of Asia Minor," in ''Armenian Communities of Asia Minor'', ed. Richard G. Hovannisian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 13. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2014, pp. 32-34.
13. See Dickran Kouymjian, "The Role of Armenian Potters of Kutahia in the Ottoman Ceramic Industry," in ''Armenian Communities of Asia Minor'', pp. 107-30.
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21. Chen, Yuan Julian. (2021-10-11). "Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations". Journal of Early Modern History.
22. 'Abraham of Kütahya' ewer, British Museum Accession Code: [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_object_details.aspx?objectid=236618&partid=1 G.1]
23. (1989). "Iznik: The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey". Alexandria Press.
24. "Kutahya - Weather data by months".