Doctor Nâzım

Early life

According to some claims, he was born in 1872 to a Dönmeh family. Other sources elaborate that not his own family, but the Evliyâzade family, of which he was the son-in-law, had Dönmeh origins. Mehmed Nâzım was raised in Salonica; his family were longtime residents of the city, and were successful in running various businesses. His father Hacı Abdülhamid Efendi was from a Vardar (Macedonian Turkish) clan and died while he was a baby. His mother was Ayşe Hanım.

Agitating against Abdul Hamid II

After completing his secondary school education in Salonica, Nâzım entered the Istanbul Military Medical High School in 1885 at the age of 15. After three years of education in this school, he entered the Military Medicine Academy. Influenced by the writings of Namık Kemal, he founded the Society of Ottoman Union in the academy on 4 June 1889 with a group of friends, and took active roles in the society in its early years. While continuing his education, in 1893, together with his classmates Ahmet Verdani and Ali Zühtü Bey, he went to Paris to establish connection with Ahmet Rıza's Young Turk faction, and united the two societies there and established the "Ottoman Progress and Union Committee" (later known as the Committee of Union and Progress) (CUP). Ahmed Rıza became the society's first president, and on 1 December 1895 Nâzım helped Rıza to debut the newspaper Meşveret, which criticized Sultan Abdul Hamid II's regime, advocating for a democratic and secular "French style" of government and society instead.

The future of the Young Turks was put in jeopardy in 1896, when Abdul Hamid found out of a planned coup d'état by the Unionists. While a massive crackdown on opposition took place in Constantinople, Yıldız Palace also put European governments under heavy pressure to deport the Young Turks. The French government affirmed the Porte's demands of deporting the Unionists, who settled in Switzerland after being deported from Belgium also. Rıza lost his chairmanship to Mizancı Murad during this time, who expelled Nâzım and Rıza from the organization, but Rıza returned to the CUP chairmanship after Murad and several other Young Turks defected and returned to Constantinople to accept a pardon from Abdul Hamid. Nâzım and Rıza's CUP eventually returned to Paris in 1899 with more personnel and capital than before.

With Prince Sabahaddin's flight to Paris to join the Young Turks, a division surfaced in a 1902 congress that split the group between federalists and nationalists. An imperial firman declared Doctor Nâzım a traitor and sentenced him to death at this time for his role in Meşveret.

Outside of politics, Nâzım enrolled in the Medical Faculty of Sorbonne University and completed his education in 1895. He became a gynecologist and started working at the Paris Hospital.

Lead up to 1908

Main article: Young Turk Revolution

Nâzım secretly returned to the Ottoman Empire and with Bahattin Şakir they organized CUP branches in Salonica and Smyrna with the aim to start a revolution. Staying in Midhat Şükrü's house in Salonica, Nâzım was instrumental in the 1907 merger between the CUP and Ottoman Freedom Committee, led by Talat Bey. In Smyrna, he opened a shop that was a front for anti-Hamidian propaganda. He met with Mehmet Tahir, Halil Menteşe, gendarme commander Eşref Kuşçubaşı, and Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe in the lead up to 1908 revolution. When the revolution kicked off with Niyazi and Enver's flight into Albanian foothills, the Smyrna army corps was sent to Salonica to put down the revolt, but upon landing in the Salonican docks they defected in favor of the Young Turk revolutionaries. By July 23, Abdul Hamid II capitulated to the revolutionaries, and proclaimed the Second Constitutional Monarchy. Nâzım heard the news of the revolution when he was at Milas and rushed to Salonica to gave a speech from the balcony of the London Hotel.

Balkan Wars

Following the revolution, Nâzım became a permanent member of the CUP's Central Committee while also continuing his medicinal career as the Chief Physician of the Municipal Hospital of Salonica, and was affiliated with the Red Crescent. He was offered general director of Anatolian Vilayets, but declined administrative work. With the CUP being suppressed after the 1912 coup d'état, Nâzım laid low in Salonica, but was taken prisoner by the Greeks on 9 November when they occupied the city during the First Balkan War. He was imprisoned in an Athens prison as a Turkish nationalist, only being repatriated two months before the start of World War I after the CUP reclaimed power and pressured the Greek government. The guards abused him and told him that his family had been killed, and that Constantinople was already occupied, while Anatolia would soon fall to the Greeks. He was deeply troubled by his family's fate (and that of his baby daughter) and the exile from his hometown. Upon returning, he called attention to Bulgarian komitadji atrocities committed against Muslims and "call[ed] for vengeance against the remaining Ottoman Christians" in his newspaper articles . The Ottoman defeat and the ethnic cleansing of Muslims was traumatic for many Young Turks and led to a desire for revenge; Nâzım's "transformation from a patriotic doctor into a rabid, vindictive nationalist... symbolized the fate of many others".

World War I

Doctor Nâzım's return led to his concern that the Turks were economically poor here. He organized economic congresses and encouraged entrepreneurship. He established a collective grocery company in Rumelihisarı. Although he wanted to join the army to fight, it was found more appropriate he remained in the central committee. Sources don't agree on whether Nâzım supported joining World War I or staying neutral. Upon the suggestions of Dr. Hamid Hüsnü (Kayacan), a close friend and former president of Fenerbahçe, with whom he worked with during their exile in Paris Nâzım became president of Fenerbahçe Sports Club between 1915 and 1916. Later, together with Celâl Sahir (Erozan), he first published the "Halka Doğru" magazine in Smyrna and helped in the establishment of the Turkish Hearths.

On July 21, 1918, Talat Pasha insisted Nâzım join his cabinet, which he reluctantly did as Minister of Education. Nâzım meticulously protected state property and was never transported by the car reserved for cabinet members.

Role in the Armenian genocide

Nâzım was a leading figure in the Turkification of the Ottoman Empire. Many members of this organization eventually participated in the Turkish national movement and had played special roles in the Armenian Genocide.

In a speech delivered on during the closing remarks of a Committee of Union and Progress meeting, Nâzım said:

And continued by saying, "the procedure this time will be one of total annihilation-it is necessary that not even one single Armenian survive this annihilation".

During one of the secret meetings of the Young Turks, Nâzım was quoted as saying, "The massacre is necessary. All the non-Turkish elements, whatever nation they belong to, should be exterminated". In February 1915, two months prior to the commencement of the Armenian Genocide, Nâzım declared a new government policy which would "produce total annihilation" in which would be "essential that no Armenian survives".

Exile in Russia and Germany

Doctor Nâzım was one of the eight Unionists that fled the Ottoman Empire on a German torpedo boat on 2 November 1918 following the signing of the Mudros Armistice. Due to his role in the Armenian genocide, Nâzım was sentenced to death in absentia by the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920, but this was never carried out due to him having fled to Berlin. While in Berlin, he participated in the establishment of the Society of Islamic Revolutions, an anti-Entente Islamist organization. When he learned that Enver Pasha had been arrested by the Bolsheviks, he went to Moscow and after negotiating his release from prison, he returned to Berlin to open an office to support the Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in their fight against Entente forces. He went to Moscow and Batumi in 1921, where he carried out the work of the Islamic Revolution Society. Nâzım convinced Enver Pasha from entering Anatolia and becoming an opponent of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Meanwhile, he too wrote to Mustafa Kemal Pasha multiple times that he wished to return to Anatolia to help the Turkish revolutionaries but did not get a response.

He met with Djemal Pasha in Çarçu and worked to organize the Turks of Bukhara with Enver and also told Djemal to convince the Soviets to support the Turkish nationalists. Hearing the news that the Turks won the Battle of Sakarya, he and Enver Pasha parted ways. Nâzım then lived in Germany for a while with police protection due to his fellow Unionists Talat Pasha, Sait Halim Pasha, Bahattin Şakir, Cemal Azmi and Cemal Pasha, being assassinated by Armenian Dashnaks (see Operation Nemesis). He tried to have a bust of Talat Pasha made following his assassination. With the help of his close friend, Nâzım Hikmet, he began to write his memoirs, but he could not complete them or publish them.

Last years

After the recapture of Smyrna by the Turks, he was allowed to return to Turkey provided that he did not engage in political activities. Returning in 1922, he continued meeting with former Unionists, especially with his brother-in-law the Foreign Minister Dr. Tevfik Rüştü Aras.

On 17 June 1926 Doctor Nâzım was among the Unionists arrested for being accused of organizing a plot against Mustafa Kemal's life in Smyrna. He was brought to Ankara after he was arrested on 1 July, and was tried by the Ankara Independence Tribunal. He denied the allegations against him, saying that he had no knowledge or guilt about this incident. No questions were asked about his involvement in the alleged assassination, and he was questioned throughout the court only about his activities during the period of Unionist rule. The following crimes were attributed to him by the court board and the prosecution's indictment:

• Working abroad with Enver Pasha against the Ankara Government in a secret organization during the armistice years as well as participation in the Batumi Congress.
• Attending the meeting held at Cavit Bey's house.
• Providing material and moral support to the Progressive Republican Party and to write a letter to Şükrü Bey about the election results in İzmir.

He was sentenced to death for the third time of his life and was executed by hanging at Cebeci on Thursday night, 26 August 1926.

Personal life

Mehmed Nâzım met Beria Hanım, the daughter of Refik Bey of the Evliyazade family in Smyrna, and later married her in 1909.

References

References

1. Totten, Samuel. (2008). "Dictionary of genocide". Greenwood Press.
2. Miller, Donald E. Miller, Lorna Touryan. (1993). "Survivors an oral history of the Armenian genocide". University of California Press.
3. Dündar, Fuat. (31 December 2011). "Crime of Numbers". Transaction Publishers.
4. "Dr. Nazım's political life {{in lang{{!}}tr}}".
5. [http://www.fenerbahce.org/kurumsaldetay.asp?ContentID=18 Past Presidents]
6. Baer, Marc David. (2010). "The Dönme: Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries, and Secular Turks". Stanford University Press.
7. Ahmet Eyicil, ''Doktor Nazım Bey'', [[Ankara]] 2004, pp. 24–26
8. ''[[Yahya Kemal Beyatlı]]'', ''Siyâsî ve Edebî Portreler'', ''[[Istanbul]]'' 1968, pp. 112–120
9. [[Kâzım Karabekir. Kazım Karabekir]], ''İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'', 1896–1909, Istanbul 1982, sy: 467
10. [[Yahya Kemal Beyatlı]], ''Siyasi ve Edebi Portreler'', Istanbul 1987, p. 8
11. Kâzım Nami Duru, ''İttihat ve Terakki Hatıraları'', Istanbul 1957, p. 8
12. Ankara [[İstiklâl mahkemesi. İstiklal Mahkemesi]] Zabıtnamesi, ''Doktor Nazım Bey'in Birinci Defteri'', [[Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. TBMM]] Arşivi, Dosya No: 239/31, Defter No: 1/8, sy: 1
13. [[Ahmet Bedevi Kuran]], ''İnkılap Tarihimiz ve [[Jön Türkler]]'', [[Istanbul]] 1945, p.31
14. [[Eşref Sencer Kuşçubaşı. Eşref Kuşçubaşı]], ''Doktor Nazım ve Hizmetleri, Karakteri Hakkındaki Görüşlerim'' (El Yazması) sy.28
15. [[Mithat Şükrü Bleda]], ''İmparatorluğun Çöküşü'', Istanbul 1986, pp. 14–18, 24–25, 101–102, 157
16. [[Kâzım Karabekir]], ''İstiklal Harbimizde Enver Paşa ve İttihat Terakki Erkanı'', [[Istanbul]] 1990, pp. 318–319
17. Vahit İpekçi, Dr. Nâzım Bey’in Siyasal Yaşamı, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, Istanbul 2006]
18. Üngör, Ugur Ümit. (2012). "The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950". Oxford University Press.
19. [[Meşveret. ''Meşveret Gazetesi'']], 6 Kanun-i Sani 108, 10 Receb, 1313 Birinci sene numara 3, 5.1.
20. Eyicil, Ahmet. "NÂZIM BEY".
21. Melson, Robert. (1996). "Revolution and genocide : on the origins of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust". University of Chicago Press.
22. [[Taner Akçam]], ''Türk Ulusal Kimliği ve Ermeni Sorunu'', İletişim Yayınları, 1992, {{ISBN
23. Rıfat, Mevlânzade. (1993). "Türkiye inkılâbının içyüzü". Pınar Yayınları.
24. Cummins, Joseph. (2009). "The World's Bloodiest History: Massacre, Genocide, and The Scars They Left on Civilization". Fair Winds.
25. Lewy, Guenter. (2005). "[[The Armenian massacres in Ottoman Turkey : a disputed genocide]]". University of Utah Press.
26. Rifat, Türkiye, pp. 159–60, quoted in Sarkisian and Sahakian, Vital Issues in Modern Armenian History, p. 32. 40
27. "Verdict ("Kararname") of the Turkish Military Tribunal". Published in the Official Gazette of Turkey (Takvimi Vekayi), no. 3604 (supplement), July 22, 1919.
28. G. Hovannisian, Richard. (2011). "The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies". Transaction Publishers.
29. Sevag, [[Grigoris Balakian]]; translated by Peter Balakian with Aris. (2010). "[[Armenian Golgotha : a memoir of the Armenian genocide". Vintage Books.
30. (2011). "Judgment at Istanbul: The Armenian Genocide Trials". Berghahn Books.
31. Ahmet Eyicil, ''“Doktor Nazım Bey”, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti’nin Kuruluş ve Gelişmesine Hizmeti Geçen Türk Dünyası Aydınları Sempozyumu Bildirileri'' (haz. Abdulkadir Yuvalı), Kayseri 1996, s. 197-206
32. [[Hâkimiyet-i Milliye]], 3 Ağustos 1926, Sayı: 1821
33. [[Falih Rıfkı Atay]], ''Zeytindağı'', Istanbul 1981, p. 36
34. [[Falih Rıfkı Atay]], "İddianame", "[[Hâkimiyet-i Milliye]]", 3 Ağustos 1926, Sayı: 1821