Cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding

Overview

Reed–Solomon codes are specifically useful in combating mixtures of random and burst errors. CIRC corrects error bursts up to 4000 data bits in sequence (2.5 mm in length as seen on CD surface) and compensates for error bursts up to 12,000 bits (7.5 mm) that may be caused by minor scratches.

Characteristics

• High random error correctability
• Long burst error correctability
• In case the burst correction capability is exceeded, interpolation may provide concealment by approximation
• Simple decoder strategy possible with reasonably-sized external random access memory
• Very high efficiency
• Room for future introduction of four audio channels without major changes in the format (as of 2024, this has not been implemented).

Interleave

Errors found in compact discs (CDs) are a combination of random and burst errors. In order to alleviate the strain on the error control code, some form of interleaving is required. The CD system employs two concatenated Reed–Solomon codes, which are interleaved cross-wise. Judicious positioning of the stereo channels as well as the audio samples on even or odd-number instants within the interleaving scheme, provide the error concealment ability, and the multitude of interleave structures used on the CD makes it possible to correct and detect errors with a relatively low amount of redundancy.

References

References

1. {{Patent. US. 4413340. Inventors: Odaka K., Sako Y., Iwamoto I., Doi T.; Vries L.B.; SONY: ''Error correctable data transmission method'' (CIRC Patent) filing date May 21, 1980
2. K.A.S. Immink. (12 October 1999). "Reed-Solomon Codes and Their Applications". John Wiley & Sons.
3. "Stan Hanley, Reed-Solomon Codes and CD Encoding".