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1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections

House elections for the 35th U.S. Congress

1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections

House elections for the 35th U.S. Congress

FieldValue
election_name1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections
countryUnited States
flag_year1851
typelegislative
ongoingno
previous_election1854–55 United States House of Representatives elections
previous_year1854 & 1855
next_election1858–59 United States House of Representatives elections
next_year1858 & 1859
outgoing_members34th United States Congress#House of Representatives_3
elected_members35th United States Congress#House of Representatives_3
seats_for_electionAll 237 seats in the United States House of Representatives
majority_seats118
election_dateAugust 4, 1856 – November 4, 1857
image_sizex180px
image1James Lawrence Orr - Brady-Handy (3x4).jpg
leader1James Orr
party1Democratic Party (US)
leaders_seat1
last_election182 seats
seats1132
seat_change150
popular_vote11,805,827
percentage146.85%
swing12.90
image2Galusha A. Grow, 1850 (cropped).jpg
leader2Galusha A. Grow
party2Republican Party (US)
leaders_seat2
last_election245 seats
seats290
seat_change245
popular_vote21,425,265
percentage236.98%
swing221.36
party4Know Nothing
last_election452 seats
seats414
seat_change438
popular_vote4586,254
percentage415.21%
swing44.35
party5Independent
last_election51 seats
seats51
seat_change5
popular_vote534,120
percentage50.89%
swing51.72
map_image[[File:1856 US house results.svg350px]]
map_captionResults
titleSpeaker
before_electionNathaniel Banks
after_electionJames Orr
before_partyKnow Nothing
after_partyDemocratic Party (US)

The 1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between August 4, 1856, and November 4, 1857. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. 236 representatives were elected in 31 states and the pending new state of Minnesota before the first session of the 35th United States Congress convened on December 7, 1857.

The elections briefly returned a semblance of normalcy to the Democratic Party, restoring its House majority alongside the election of Democratic President James Buchanan. However, superficial victory masked severe, ultimately irretrievable divisions over slavery. Voters next would return a Democratic House majority only in 1874.

Party realignments continued. In 1856, the Whig Party disbanded, the Know Nothing movement declined, and its vehicle, the American Party, began to collapse. Many Northern Whig, American, and other Opposition Party Representatives joined the new, rapidly consolidating Republican Party, which contested the Presidency in 1856. Though the Republican Party did not yet demand abolition, its attitude toward slavery was stridently negative. It was an openly sectional Northern party which opposed fugitive slave laws and slavery in the territories. For the first time, the party offered a mainstream platform to outspoken abolitionists.

In March 1857, after almost all Northern states had voted, the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, amplifying tensions and hardening voter divisions. Remaining elections were concentrated in the South. Southern voters widely drove the American Party from office, rallying to the Democrats in firm opposition to the Republicans.

In October 1857, the pending new state of Minnesota elected its first Representatives, to be seated by the 35th Congress. Between the admissions of Vermont in 1791 and Wisconsin in 1848, Congress had admitted new states roughly in pairs: one slave, one free. California was admitted alone as a free state in 1850 only as part of a comprehensive compromise including significant concessions to slave state interests. Admission of Minnesota in May 1858, also alone but with no such deal, helped expose the declining influence of the South, destroying the formerly binding concept that slave and free state power was best kept in balance even in the Senate while solidifying a sense that the West would exclude slavery.

Election summaries

Two seats were added for the new state of Minnesota, which was unrepresented for part of the 1st session.

Democratic Party (US)}}"DemocraticKnow Nothing}}"KNRepublican Party (US)}}"Republican
StateTypeDateTotal
seatsDemocraticKnow NothingRepublicanSeatsChangeSeatsChangeSeatsChangeArkansasIowaMissouriVermontMaineFloridaSouth CarolinaIndianaOhioPennsylvaniaCaliforniaDelawareIllinoisMassachusettsMichiganNew JerseyNew YorkWisconsinNew HampshireRhode IslandConnecticutVirginiaAlabamaKentuckyTexasNorth CarolinaTennesseeGeorgiaMississippiMinnesotaLouisianaMarylandTotal236133
56.1%5014
5.9%3790
38.0%10
DistrictAugust 4, 18562200
District201021
District7542206
DistrictSeptember 2, 18563003
DistrictSeptember 8, 1856601061
At-largeOctober 6, 18561100
DistrictOctober 13–14, 18566600
DistrictOctober 14, 18561164054
District21990129
District2515801107
At-largeNovember 4, 1856
(Election Day)2200
At-large111010
District9504
District1100111111
District401041
District532022
District3312703214
District301031
DistrictMarch 10, 1857300333
DistrictApril 1, 1857200222
DistrictApril 6, 18574220422
DistrictMay 28, 185713131010
DistrictAugust 3, 1857772020
District1084240
District221010
DistrictAugust 6, 1857872120
District1072320
DistrictOctober 5, 18578620
DistrictOctober 5–6, 1857551010
At-largeOctober 13, 185722200
DistrictNovember 3, 18574310
DistrictNovember 4, 1857631310

Special elections

There were a total of thirteen special elections in 1856 and 1857 during the 34th and 35th Congresses.

34th Congress

|- ! | Laurence M. Keitt | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent resigned July 15, 1856, following the caning of Charles Sumner. Incumbent re-elected July 29, 1856. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Laurence M. Keitt (Democratic) 100.0%

|- ! | Preston Brooks | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent resigned July 15, 1856, following the caning of Charles Sumner. Incumbent re-elected July 29, 1856. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Preston Brooks (Democratic) 100.0%

|- ! | John Gaines Miller | | Whig | 1850 | | Incumbent died May 11, 1856. New member elected August 4, 1856. Know Nothing gain. Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Thomas P. Akers (Know Nothing) 55.8%
  • Claiborne Fox Jackson (Democratic) 44.2%

|- ! | William Alexander Richardson | | Democratic | 1847 (special) | | Incumbent resigned August 25, 1856, to run for governor of Illinois. New member elected November 4, 1856. Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Jacob C. Davis (Democratic) 52.6%
  • Thomas C. Sharp (Republican) 35.2%
  • James B. Kyle (Unknown) 12.2%

|- ! | James C. Allen | | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent resigned July 18, 1856, amid election challenge. Incumbent re-elected November 4, 1856. Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James C. Allen (Democratic) 56.3%
  • William Beatty Archer (Whig) 43.7%

|- ! | | Rep.-elect Lyman Trumbull (D) was later elected U.S. senator and took office March 4, 1855. New member elected November 4, 1856. Democratic hold. Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James L. D. Morrison (Democratic) 56.0%
  • John Thomas (Republican) 42.9%
  • William H. Short (Unknown) 1.2%

|- ! | Thomas H. Bayly | | Democratic | 1853 | | Incumbent died June 23, 1856. New member elected November 4, 1856. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Muscoe R. H. Garnett (Democratic) 51.6%
  • Robert Saunders Jr. (Know Nothing) 48.4%

|- ! | John Wilkins Whitfield | | Democratic | 1854 | Seat declared vacant August 1, 1856. Incumbent re-elected November 5, 1856. | nowrap | {{Plainlist|

  • John Wilkins Whitfield (Democratic)
  • Andrew Horatio Reeder (Republican)

|- ! | James Meacham | | Whig | 1849 (special) | | Incumbent died August 23, 1856. New member elected December 1, 1856. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • George T. Hodges (Republican) 79.8%
  • Stoddard B. Colby (Democratic) 20.2%

|}

35th Congress

|- ! | | Rep.-elect James S. Green (D) was later elected U.S. senator and took office January 12, 1857. New member elected August 3, 1857. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John Bullock Clark (Democratic) 58.7%
  • Joseph M. Collins (Know Nothing) 41.3%

|- ! | James Lockhart | | Democratic | 1851 1852 (retired) 1856 | | Incumbent died September 7, 1857. New member elected October 7, 1857. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • William E. Niblack (Democratic) 99.5%

|- ! | Samuel Brenton | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent died March 29, 1857. New member elected October 7, 1857. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Charles Case (Republican) 52.3%
  • James Worden (Democratic) 47.7%

|- ! | John Gallagher Montgomery | | Democratic | 1856 | | Incumbent died April 24, 1857. New member elected October 13, 1857. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Paul Leidy (Democratic) 61.0%
  • Smith Thompson (Republican) 39.0%

|}

Alabama

|- ! | Percy Walker | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James A. Stallworth (Democratic) 62.0%
  • John McCaskill (Know Nothing) 38.0%

|- ! | Eli S. Shorter | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Eli S. Shorter (Democratic) 62.4%
  • Batt Peterson (Know Nothing) 37.6%

|- ! | James F. Dowdell | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James F. Dowdell (Democratic) 50.3%
  • Thomas J. Judge (Know Nothing) 49.7%

|- ! | William Russell Smith | | Know Nothing | 1851 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Sydenham Moore (Democratic) 56.5%
  • William Russell Smith (Know Nothing) 43.5%

|- ! | George S. Houston | | Democratic | 1841 1849 (retired) 1851 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • George S. Houston (Democratic) 55.1%
  • David Hubbard (Democratic) 44.9%

|- ! | Williamson R. W. Cobb | | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Williamson R. W. Cobb (Democratic) 62.4%
  • Henry Sanford (Democratic) 37.6%

|- ! | Sampson Willis Harris | | Democratic | 1847 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Jabez L. M. Curry (Democratic) 98.5%

|}

Arkansas

|- ! | Alfred B. Greenwood | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Alfred B. Greenwood (Democratic) 71.4%
  • Hugh Thomason (Know Nothing) 28.6%

|- ! | Albert Rust | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Edward A. Warren (Democratic) 57.6%
  • Absalom Fowler (Know Nothing) 42.4%

|}

California

|- ! rowspan=2 | 2 seats on a general ticket | James W. Denver | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.

  • Charles L. Scott (Democratic) 29.9%
  • Joseph C. McKibbin (Democratic) 21.0%
  • A. B. Dibble (Know Nothing) 20.7%
  • Ira P. Rankin (Independent) 13.0%
  • J. N. Turner (Republican) 12.5%

|- | Philemon T. Herbert | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent retired after manslaughter acquittal. Democratic hold.

|}

Connecticut

|- ! | Ezra Clark Jr. | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Ezra Clark Jr. (Republican) 50.8%
  • Richard D. Hubbard (Democratic) 48.8%

|- ! | John Woodruff | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Samuel Arnold (Democratic) 51.3%
  • John Woodruff (Republican) 48.6%

|- ! | Sidney Dean | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Sidney Dean (Republican) 54.6%
  • James A. Hovey (Democratic) 45.4%

|- ! | William W. Welch | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • William D. Bishop (Democratic) 50.0%
  • Orris S. Ferry (Republican) 50.0%

|}

Delaware

|- ! | Elisha D. Cullen | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • William G. Whiteley (Democratic) 56.0%
  • Elisha D. Cullen (Know Nothing) 44.0%

|}

Florida

Main article: 1856 United States House of Representatives election in Florida

|- ! | Augustus Maxwell | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist|

  • George S. Hawkins (Democratic) 53.1%
  • James McNair Baker (Know Nothing) 46.9%

|}

Georgia

|- ! | James Lindsay Seward | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • James Lindsay Seward (Democratic) 51.2%
  • Francis S. Bartow (Know Nothing) 44.4%
  • C. S. Gaulden (Independent) 4.4%

|- ! | Martin J. Crawford | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • Martin J. Crawford (Democratic) 56.1%
  • Samuel C. Elam (Know Nothing) 43.9%

|- ! | Robert Pleasant Trippe | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • Robert Pleasant Trippe (Know Nothing) 51.7%
  • Jack Bailey (Democratic) 48.3%

|- ! | Hiram B. Warner | | Democratic | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • Lucius J. Gartrell (Democratic) 53.6%
  • M. M. Tidwell (Know Nothing) 46.4%

|- ! | John H. Lumpkin | | Democratic | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • Augustus R. Wright (Democratic) 61.2%
  • J. W. Hooper (Know Nothing) 36.1%
  • Tatum (Democratic) 2.7%

|- ! | Howell Cobb | | Democratic | 1842 1851 (retired) 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • James Jackson (Democratic) 56.5%
  • Simmons (Independent) 43.5%

|- ! | Nathaniel Greene Foster | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Know Nothing hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • Joshua Hill (Know Nothing) 51.5%
  • Linton Stephens (Democratic) 48.5%

|- ! | Alexander H. Stephens | | Democratic | 1843 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist|

  • Alexander H. Stephens (Democratic) 57.1%
  • Thomas W. Miller (Know Nothing) 42.9%

|}

Illinois

|- ! | Elihu B. Washburne | | Republican | 1852 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Elihu B. Washburne (Republican) 73.9%
  • Richard S. Molony (Democratic) 25.0%
  • B. D. Eastman (Know Nothing) 1.0%

|- ! | James Hutchinson Woodworth | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John F. Farnsworth (Republican) 67.2%
  • John Vannortwick (Democratic) 30.6%
  • B. F. James (Know Nothing) 2.2%

|- ! | Jesse O. Norton | | Republican | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Owen Lovejoy (Republican) 59.5%
  • Uri Osgood (Democratic) 40.5%

|- ! | James Knox | | Republican | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • William Kellogg (Republican) 51.1%
  • James W. Davidson (Democratic) 45.8%
  • Arthur H. Griffith (Know Nothing) 3.1%

|- ! | | Rep. William A. Richardson (D) resigned August 25, 1856, to run for governor of Illinois. Democratic hold. Winner was not candidate for unexpired term; see above. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Isaac N. Morris (Democratic) 53.7%
  • Jackson Grimshaw (Republican) 45.8%
  • James S. Irwin (Know Nothing) 0.5%

|- ! | Thomas L. Harris | | Democratic | 1848 1850 (lost) 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Thomas L. Harris (Democratic) 58.0%
  • John Williams (Republican) 42.0%

|- ! | | Rep. James C. Allen (D) resigned July 18, 1856, amid election contest. Democratic hold. Winner was not candidate for unexpired term; see above. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Aaron Shaw (Democratic) 56.8%
  • Henry P. H. Bromwell (Republican) 43.2%

|- ! | | Rep.-elect Lyman Trumbull (D) was later elected U.S. senator and took office March 4, 1855. Democratic hold. Winner was not candidate for unexpired term; see above. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Robert Smith (Democratic) 60.1%
  • James D. Lansing (Republican) 39.9%

|- ! | Samuel S. Marshall | | Democratic | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Samuel S. Marshall (Democratic) 82.4%
  • Benjamin Ladd Wiley (Republican) 17.6%

|}

Indiana

|- ! | Smith Miller | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James Lockhart (Democratic) 61.5%
  • James C. Veatch (Republican) 38.5%

|- ! | William Hayden English | | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • William Hayden English (Democratic) 57.2%
  • John M. Wilson (Republican) 42.8%

|- ! | George Grundy Dunn | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James Hughes (Democratic) 53.8%
  • John A. Hendricks (Republican) 46.2%

|- ! | William Cumback | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James Bradford Foley (Democratic) 53.7%
  • William Cumback (Republican) 46.3%

|- ! | David P. Holloway | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • David Kilgore (Republican) 60.8%
  • Edmund Johnson (Democratic) 39.2%

|- ! | Lucien Barbour | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James M. Gregg (Democratic) 52.1%
  • John Coburn (Republican) 47.9%

|- ! | Harvey D. Scott | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John G. Davis (Democratic) 53.9%
  • John Palmer Usher (Republican) 46.1%

|- ! | Daniel Mace | | People's | 1851 | | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James Wilson (Republican) 50.5%
  • Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) 49.5%

|- ! | Schuyler Colfax | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Schuyler Colfax (Republican) 52.1%
  • William Z. Stewart (Democratic) 47.9%

|- ! | Samuel Brenton | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Samuel Brenton (Republican) 51.7%
  • Robert Lowry (Democratic) 48.3%

|- ! | John U. Pettit | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John U. Pettit (Republican) 51.8%
  • William Garver (Democratic) 48.2%

|}

Iowa

|- ! | Augustus Hall | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Samuel Ryan Curtis (Republican) 50.2%
  • Augustus Hall (Democratic) 47.5%
  • John J. Selman (Know Nothing) 2.3%

|- ! | James Thorington | | Whig | 1854 | | Incumbent lost renomination as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Timothy Davis (Republican) 58.0%
  • Shepherd Leffler (Democratic) 42.0%

|}

Kansas Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky

|- ! | Henry Cornelius Burnett | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Henry Cornelius Burnett (Democratic) 75.3%
  • Owen Grimes (Know Nothing) 24.7%

|- ! | John P. Campbell Jr. | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent withdrew. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Samuel Peyton (Democratic) 53.9%
  • James Leeper Johnson (Know Nothing) 46.1%

|- ! | Warner Underwood | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Warner Underwood (Know Nothing) 50.8%
  • Joseph Horace Lewis (Democratic) 49.2%

|- ! | Albert G. Talbott | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Albert G. Talbott (Democratic) 50.6%
  • William Clayton Anderson (Know Nothing) 49.4%

|- ! | Joshua Jewett | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Joshua Jewett (Democratic) 59.6%
  • Bryan Young (Know Nothing) 40.4%

|- ! | John Milton Elliott | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John Milton Elliott (Democratic) 55.7%
  • John A. Moore (Know Nothing) 44.3%

|- ! | Humphrey Marshall | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Humphrey Marshall (Know Nothing) 55.0%
  • Thomas H. Holt (Democratic) 45.0%

|- ! | Alexander Keith Marshall | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • James Brown Clay (Democratic) 50.5%
  • Roger Hanson (Know Nothing) 49.5%

|- ! | Leander Cox | | Know Nothing | 1853 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John Calvin Mason (Democratic) 52.0%
  • Leander Cox (Know Nothing) 48.0%

|- ! | Samuel F. Swope | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John W. Stevenson (Democratic) 67.6%
  • William L. Rankin (Know Nothing) 32.4%

|}

Louisiana

|- ! | George Eustis Jr. | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • George Eustis Jr. (Know Nothing) 60.4%
  • Charles J. Villiers (Democratic) 39.6%

|- ! | Miles Taylor | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Miles Taylor (Democratic) 50.3%
  • Glendy Burke (Know Nothing) 49.7%

|- ! | Thomas G. Davidson | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Thomas G. Davidson (Democratic) 43.0%
  • George W. Watterson (Know Nothing) 35.4%
  • Laurent J. Sigur (Independent) 21.6%

|- ! | John M. Sandidge | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John M. Sandidge (Democratic) 63.5%
  • W. H. Sparks (Know Nothing) 36.5%

|}

Maine

|- ! | John M. Wood | | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • John M. Wood (Republican) 53.4%
  • Josiah S. Little (Democratic) 46.6%

|- ! | John J. Perry | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Charles J. Gilman (Republican) 57.3%
  • Eben F. Pillsbury (Democratic) 42.7%

|- ! | Ebenezer Knowlton | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Nehemiah Abbott (Republican) 56.1%
  • Henry Ingalls (Democratic) 43.9%

|- ! | Samuel P. Benson | | Republican | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Samuel P. Benson (Republican) 65.1%
  • David Bronson (Democratic) 34.9%

|- ! | Israel Washburn Jr. | | Republican | 1850 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Israel Washburn Jr. (Republican) 60.1%
  • Abraham Sanborn (Democratic) 39.9%

|- ! | Thomas J. D. Fuller | | Democratic | 1848 | | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Stephen Clark Foster (Republican) 52.9%
  • Amo Wiswell (Democratic) 47.1%

|}

Maryland

Elections were held November 3–4, 1857.

|- ! | James A. Stewart | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |{{Plainlist|* James A. Stewart (Democratic) 50.70%

  • Teagle Townsend (Know Nothing) 49.30%}} |- ! | James B. Ricaud | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |{{Plainlist|* James B. Ricaud (Know Nothing) 52.42%
  • Ramsey McHenry (Democratic) 47.58%}} |- ! | James Morrison Harris | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |{{Plainlist|* James Morrison Harris (Know Nothing) 61.63%
  • William Pinkney Whyte (Democratic) 38.37%}} |- ! | Henry Winter Davis | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |{{Plainlist|* Henry Winter Davis (Know Nothing) 72.55%
  • Henry P. Brooks (Democratic) 27.45%}} |- ! | Henry W. Hoffman | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap |{{Plainlist|* Jacob M. Kunkel (Democratic) 50.51%
  • Henry W. Hoffman (Know Nothing) 49.49%}} |- ! | Thomas F. Bowie | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |{{Plainlist|* Thomas F. Bowie (Democratic) 50.51%
  • William J. Blackstone (Know Nothing) 49.49%}} |}

Massachusetts

|- ! | Robert B. Hall | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Robert B. Hall (Republican) 69.73%
  • Moses Bates (Democratic) 16.14%
  • Daniel Fisher (American) 14.12%

|- ! | James Buffinton | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • James Buffinton (Republican) 68.25%
  • Charles R. Vickery (Democratic) 20.58%
  • Darius Dunbar (American) 7.03%

|- ! | William S. Damrell | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • William S. Damrell (Republican) 61.57%
  • Arthur W. Austin (Democratic) 29.96%
  • Alfred B. Ely (American) 8.47%

|- ! | Linus B. Comins | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Linus B. Comins (Republican) 45.92%
  • Charles Greene (Democratic) 39.22%
  • Benjamin F. Cooke (American) 14.85%

|- ! | Anson Burlingame | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Anson Burlingame (Republican) 50.26%
  • William Appleton (American) 49.74%

|- ! | Timothy Davis | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Timothy Davis (Republican) 69.39%
  • Nathaniel J. Lord (Democratic) 22.21%
  • Benjamin Perley (American) 7.74%
  • Scattering 0.66%

|- ! | Nathaniel P. Banks | | Know Nothing | 1852 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Nathaniel P. Banks (Republican) 61.95%
  • Isaac H. Wright (Democratic) 26.31%
  • Isaac Story (American) 11.74%

|- ! | Chauncey L. Knapp | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Chauncey L. Knapp (Republican) 70.36%
  • Benjamin Butler (Democratic) 26.97%
  • Abiel Lewis (American) 2.66%

|- ! | Alexander De Witt | | Know Nothing | 1852 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Eli Thayer (Republican) 53.69%
  • Alexander De Witt (American) 26.57%
  • Nathaniel Wood (Democratic) 17.98%
  • Alfred Mowrey (American) 1.76%

|- ! | Calvin C. Chaffee | | Know Nothing | 1855 (special) | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Calvin C. Chaffee (Republican) 72.66%
  • William C. Fowler (American) 27.34%

|- ! | Mark Trafton | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Henry L. Dawes (Republican) 43.85%
  • Mark Trafton (American) 27.41%
  • Josiah D. Weston (Democratic) 28.74%

|}

Michigan

|- ! | William A. Howard | | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • William A. Howard (Republican) 51.6%
  • George V. N. Lothrop (Democratic) 48.4%

|- ! | Henry Waldron | | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Henry Waldron (Republican) 62.1%
  • John S. Barry (Democratic) 37.9%

|- ! | David S. Walbridge | | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • David S. Walbridge (Republican) 59.3%
  • Flavius Littlejohn (Democratic) 40.7%

|- ! | George W. Peck | | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{plainlist |

  • Dewitt C. Leach (Republican) 55.7%
  • George W. Peck (Democratic) 44.3%

|}

Minnesota

Minnesota Territory elected three members in advance of Minnesota's 1848 statehood. "Although three men won this election, which was held before Minnesota was actually a state, only two representatives from Minnesota were allowed in the congressional bill creating the state in 1858. George L. Becker lost in the drawing of lots to decide who would present their credentials, therefore he did not serve in Congress."

|- ! rowspan=2 | 2 seats on a general ticket | | New state would be admitted May 11, 1858. Democratic gain.

  • William Wallace Phelps (Democratic) 17.3%
  • James M. Cavanaugh (Democratic) 17.2%
  • George Loomis Becker (Democratic) 17.1%
  • Henry Adoniram Swift (Republican) 16.2%
  • Cyrus Aldrich (Republican) 16.1%
  • Morton S. Wilkinson (Republican) 16.1%

|- | | New state would be admitted May 11, 1858. Democratic gain.

|}

Mississippi

Elections held late, from October 5 to 6, 1857.

|- ! | Daniel B. Wright | | Democratic | 1853 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Lucius Q. C. Lamar (Democratic) 63.76%
  • James L. Alcorn (Know Nothing) 36.24%

|- ! | Hendley S. Bennett | | Democratic | 1855 | | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Reuben Davis (Democratic) 65.30%
  • Charles Clark (Know Nothing) 34.70%

|- ! | William Barksdale | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • William Barksdale (Democratic) 98.21%
  • Scattering 1.79%

|- ! | William A. Lake | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Otho R. Singleton (Democratic) 55.04%
  • William A. Lake (Know Nothing) 44.97%

|- ! | John A. Quitman | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • John A. Quitman (Democratic) 98.47%
  • Scattering 1.53%

|}

Missouri

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Nebraska Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire

|- ! | James Pike | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |- ! | Mason Tappan | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |- ! | Aaron H. Cragin | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |}

New Jersey

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New York

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North Carolina

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Ohio

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Oregon Territory

See non-voting delegates, below.

Pennsylvania

|- ! | Thomas B. Florence | | Democratic | 1850 | Incumbent re-elected. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Thomas B. Florence (Democratic) 56.62%
  • Edward B. Knight (Republican) 43.38% |- ! |Job R. Tyson | | Whig | 1854 | |Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Edward Joy Morris (Republican) 51.58%
  • John A. Marshall (Democratic) 48.42% |- ! |William Millward | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • James Landy (Democratic) 54.02%
  • William Millward (Republican) 45.98% |- ! |Jacob Broom | | Know Nothing | 1854 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Henry M. Phillips (Democratic) 50.72%
  • Robert Faust (Know Nothing) 35.86%
  • William D. Kelley (Republican) 13.43% |- ! |John Cadwalader | | Democratic | 1854 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Owen Jones (Democratic) 54.86%
  • Daniel H. Mulvany (Whig) 45.14% |- ! |John Hickman | | Democratic | 1854 |Incumbent re-elected. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John Hickman (Democratic) 48.91%
  • John S. Bowen (Republican) 47.85%
  • John Larkin Jr. (Know Nothing) 3.24% |- ! |Samuel C. Bradshaw | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Henry Chapman (Democratic) 54.01%
  • Samuel C. Bradshaw (Republican) 45.99% |- ! |J. Glancy Jones | | Democratic |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • 1850
  • 1852 (retired)
  • 1854 (special) |Incumbent re-elected. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • J. Glancy Jones (Democratic) 71.60%
  • David Yoder (Republican) 28.40% |- ! |Anthony E. Roberts | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Anthony E. Roberts (Republican) 54.59%
  • Isaac E. Heister (Democratic) 45.41% |- ! |John C. Kunkel | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John C. Kunkel (Republican) 55.63%
  • Henry C. Eyer (Democratic) 44.37% |- ! |James H. Campbell | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • William L. Dewart (Democratic) 58.26%
  • James H. Campbell (Republican) 41.74% |- ! |Henry M. Fuller | | Opposition |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • 1850
  • 1852 (lost)
  • 1854 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John G. Montgomery (Democratic) 57.69%
  • Elhanan Smith (Republican) 42.31% |- ! |Asa Packer | | Democratic |1852 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • William H. Dimmick (Democratic) 68.93%
  • Samuel E. Demmick (Republican) 31.07% |- ! |Galusha A. Grow | | Democratic |1850 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Galusha A. Grow (Republican) 71.31%
  • Daniel L. Sherwood (Democratic) 28.69% |- ! |John J. Pearce | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Allison White (Democratic) 51.36%
  • William H. Irvin (Republican) 48.64% |- ! |Lemuel Todd | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John A. Ahl (Democratic) 53.75%
  • Lemuel Todd (Republican) 46.25% |- ! |David F. Robison | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Wilson Reilly (Democratic) 51.28%
  • Joseph Pumroy (Republican) 48.72% |- ! |John R. Edie | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John R. Edie (Republican) 50.91%
  • Cyrus L. Pershing (Democratic) 49.09% |- ! |John Covode | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John Covode (Union) 54.40%
  • Alexander McKinney (Democratic) 45.60% |- ! |Jonathan Knight | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • William Montgomery (Democratic) 52.15%
  • Jonathan Knight (Republican) 47.85% |- ! |David Ritchie | | Opposition |1852 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • David Ritchie (Republican) 54.45%
  • Wilson McCandless (Democratic) 42.17%
  • William M. Wright (Know Nothing) 3.38% |- ! |Samuel A. Purviance | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Samuel A. Purviance (Republican) 57.09%
  • James Gibson (Democratic) 40.51%
  • Alexander Wadlow (Know Nothing) 2.40% |- ! |John Allison | | Opposition |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • 1850
  • 1852 (lost)
  • 1854 | |Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • William Stewart (Republican) 61.00%
  • Thomas Cunningham (Democratic) 39.00% |- ! |David Barclay | | Democratic |1854 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • James L. Gillis (Democratic) 51.75%
  • James S. Myers (Republican) 48.25% |- ! |John Dick | | Opposition |1852 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John Dick (Republican) 67.97%
  • James A. McFadden (Democratic) 32.03% |}

Rhode Island

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South Carolina

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Tennessee

|- ! | Albert G. Watkins | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Albert G. Watkins (Democratic) 50.58%
  • Nathaniel G. Taylor (Know Nothing) 49.42%

|- ! | William H. Sneed | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired. Know Nothing hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Horace Maynard (Know Nothing) 50.89%
  • Wayne W. Wallace (Democratic) 49.11%

|- ! | Samuel A. Smith | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Samuel A. Smith (Democratic) 52.98%
  • William Heiskell (Know Nothing) 47.02%

|- ! | John H. Savage | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • John H. Savage (Democratic) 55.16%
  • Joseph Pickett (Know Nothing) 44.84%

|- ! | Charles Ready | | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Charles Ready (Know Nothing) 51.25%
  • Joseph Guild (Democratic) 48.75%

|- ! | George W. Jones | | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. | George W. Jones (Democratic) 100%

|- ! | John V. Wright | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • John V. Wright (Democratic) 83.81%
  • D. E. McElrath (Know Nothing) 16.19%

|- ! | Felix Zollicoffer | | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Felix Zollicoffer (Know Nothing) 52.18%
  • James M. Quarles (Democratic) 47.82%

|- ! | Emerson Etheridge | | Know Nothing | 1853 | |Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • John D. C. Atkins (Democratic) 50.37%
  • Emerson Etheridge (Know Nothing) 49.63%

|- ! | Thomas Rivers | | Know Nothing | 1855 | |Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • William T. Avery (Democratic) 51.32%
  • William H. Stevens (Know Nothing) 48.68%

|}

Texas

|- !

|- !

|}

Vermont

|- ! | George T. Hodges | | 1856 (special) | | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • E. P. Walton (Republican) 71.1%
  • Horatio Needham (Democratic) 28.6%
  • John Pierpoint (Free Soil) 4.7%

|- ! | Justin S. Morrill | | Whig | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Justin S. Morrill (Republican) 76.1%
  • E. B. Chase (Democratic) 23.8%

|- ! | Alvah Sabin | | Whig | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Homer Elihu Royce (Republican) 73.9%
  • W. H. H. Brigham (Democratic) 25.9%

|}

Virginia

|- ! | Muscoe R. H. Garnett | | Democratic | 1856 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Muscoe R. H. Garnett (Democratic) 57.1%
  • John Critcher (Know Nothing) 42.9% |- ! | John Millson | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John Millson (Democratic) 100% |- ! | John Caskie | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John Caskie (Democratic) 63.7%
  • A. Judson Crane (Know Nothing) 36.3% |- ! | William Goode | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • William Goode (Democratic) 76.0%
  • [FNU] Collier (Know Nothing) 24.0% |- ! | Thomas S. Bocock | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Thomas S. Bocock (Democratic) 100% |- ! | Paulus Powell | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Paulus Powell (Democratic) 100% |- ! | William Smith | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • William Smith (Democratic) 57.5%
  • Edgar Snowden Sr. (Know Nothing) 42.5% |- ! | Charles J. Faulkner | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Charles J. Faulkner (Democratic) 59.5%
  • William Lucas (Know Nothing) 40.5% |- ! | John Letcher | | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • John Letcher (Democratic) 75.3%
  • [FNU] Imboden (Unknown) 24.7% |- ! | Zedekiah Kidwell | | Democratic | 1853 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Sherrard Clemens (Democratic) 71.5%
  • [FNU] Dunnington (Know Nothing) 28.5% |- ! | John S. Carlile | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Albert G. Jenkins (Democratic) 53.8%
  • John S. Carlile (Know Nothing) 46.2% |- ! | Henry A. Edmundson | | Democratic | 1849 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • Henry A. Edmundson (Democratic) 100% |- ! | Fayette McMullen | | Democratic | 1849 | | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |
  • George W. Hopkins (Democratic) 50.3%
  • Elbert S. Martin (Know Nothing) 49.7% |}

Wisconsin

|- ! | Daniel Wells Jr. | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • John F. Potter (Republican) 50.6%
  • Jackson Hadley (Democratic) 49.4%

|- ! | Cadwallader C. Washburn | | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Cadwallader C. Washburn (Republican) 61.8%
  • Samuel Crawford (Democratic) 38.2%

|- ! | Charles Billinghurst | | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Charles Billinghurst (Republican) 52.0%
  • Harrison Carroll Hobart (Democratic) 48.0% |}

Non-voting delegates

|- ! | John Wilkins Whitfield | | Democratic | 1854 1856 (seat vacated) 1856 (special) | | Re-elected in 1855 before seat was vacated. Won special 1856 election. Democratic hold. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • John Wilkins Whitfield (Democratic)
  • Andrew H. Reeder (Free-State Democrat)

|- ! | Henry Mower Rice | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired. New delegate elected. Democratic hold. District eliminated in 1858 upon Minnesota's statehood. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • William W. Kingsbury (Democratic)

|- ! | Bird Chapman | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election. New delegate elected August 3, 1857. Independent Democratic gain. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Fenner Ferguson (Independent Democratic)
  • Bird Chapman (Democratic)

|- ! | Joseph Lane | | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | {{Plainlist |

  • Joseph Lane (Democratic)

|}

Notes

References

Bibliography

References

  1. {{USStat. 11. 166
  2. "Our Campaigns - KS Territorial Delegate - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1856".
  3. (2010). "Guide to U.S. Elections". [[CQ Press]].
  4. "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results".
  5. (January 11, 2010). "MI - District 01 Race - Nov 04, 1856". Our Campaigns.
  6. (January 11, 2010). "MI - District 02 Race - Nov 04, 1856". Our Campaigns.
  7. (January 11, 2010). "MI - District 03 Race - Nov 04, 1856". Our Campaigns.
  8. (January 11, 2010). "MI - District 04 Race - Nov 04, 1856". Our Campaigns.
  9. "Our Campaigns - MN At-Large Race - Oct 13, 1857".
  10. "MS - District 01".
  11. "MS - District 02".
  12. "MS - District 03".
  13. "MS - District 04".
  14. "MS - District 05".
  15. "TN - District 01".
  16. "TN - District 02".
  17. "TN - District 03".
  18. "TN - District 04".
  19. "TN - District 05".
  20. "TN - District 06".
  21. "TN - District 07".
  22. "TN - District 08".
  23. "TN - District 09".
  24. "TN - District 10".
  25. "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics".
  26. "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics".
  27. "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results". Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs.
  28. "KS Territorial Delegate {{endash}} Special Election".
  29. "Collections of the NSHS - Volume 18".
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