1640 in music

January 21 – Salmacida Spolia, the final royal masque of the Caroline era, is performed at Whitehall Palace. The work features music by composer Lewis Richard.

Agostino Agazzari – Musicum encomium, divini nominis, simplicibus... (Rome: Vincenzo Blanco)

Angelo Michele Bartolotti – Libro primo di chitarra spagnola, published in Florence

Scipione Dentice – Second book of madrigali spirituali for five voices (Naples: Ottavio Beltrano)

Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger – Libro quarto d'intavolatura di chitarrone (Rome)

Pietro Della Valle – Della musica dell'età nostra che non è punto inferiore, anzi è migliore di quella dell'età passata (About the Music of our Time, which is not Worse but Better than that of Previous Ages)

Claudio Monteverdi – Selva morale e spirituale, published in Venice

Francesco Cavalli – Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne

Benedetto Ferrari – Il pastor regio, premiered in Venice

Claudio Monteverdi – Il ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria

January 5 – Paolo Lorenzani, composer (died 1713)

April 4 – Gaspar Sanz, Spanish priest and composer (d. 1710)

August 8 – Amalia Catharina, German poet and composer (d. 1697)

November 4 – Carlo Mannelli, Italian violinist, castrato singer and composer (d. 1697)

probable – Antonia Bembo, singer and composer (d. c. 1720)

February 12 – Michael Altenburg, composer and theologian (born 1584)

April 10 – Agostino Agazzari, Sienese composer and music theorist (born 1578)

June – Peter Hasse, German organist and composer (b. c. 1585)

June 29 – John Adson, musician and composer (born c. 1587)

November – Giles Farnaby, virginalist and composer (born 1563)

Adriana Basile, Italian composer (b. 1580)

Francisca Duarte, Portuguese singer (b. 1595)